Testosterone

For an informed discussion with your doctor or pharmacist. This information collection is not a clinically validated interaction checker. Missing data do not establish safety. Do not change or stop prescribed medicines on the basis of this information. The findings apply to the specific conditions studied; laboratory and animal studies cannot be directly extrapolated to humans.

Active substance: Testosterone

Examples of brand names: Testogel [DE]; Nebido [DE]

ATC code: G03BA03

Main use (for orientation): Hypogonadism

Documented research summary

Individual assessment of all 368 primary titles and 24 supplementary titles: direct preclinical combinations exist, but these data provide no reliable clinical CBD/THC–testosterone-replacement interaction. THC effects after testosterone replacement in gonadectomised rats depend on sex and endpoint, with no change in some cases. Testosterone cell/microsome findings are mechanistic evidence, not predictions of human serum concentrations or treatment success.

Uncertainties and limitations

Craft 2017 (PMID 27670094) now assessed in the author manuscript; other historical papers partly assessed only through original abstracts. Animal doses/experimental concentrations are not use recommendations. Changed endogenous hormone synthesis is not an interaction with a testosterone preparation. Human serum concentrations, contraception, fertility or treatment success cannot be inferred from cell findings. 16272754 investigates 7beta-hydroxy-delta8-THC in monkey microsomes, not parent delta8-THC; name the actual material explicitly. Documented individual title/abstract assessment with selected relevant full texts; not an exhaustive worldwide systematic review or independent human specialist approval. Missing data do not establish safety. All 28 cannabinoids are within the search scope, not 28 clinically investigated pairs per drug.

Dixit and Lohiya 1975 (PMID 1158438): original full text now fully assessed. Relative organ weights, not measured testosterone concentrations. Unclear extract composition, incompletely reported methods and contradictory treatment-regimen details limit the finding; the antiandrogenic interpretation remains a hypothesis.

Separately recorded findings

11 separately recorded findings. Each statement applies to its documented study context.

THC – laboratory and animal studies

Finding ID: B0518

Type of result: Direct preclinical combination; mixed/negative endpoints

Observation: Testosterone replacement did not consistently change THC antinociception in male rats. In female rats in 2017, it reduced tail-withdrawal antinociception only in the arm without proadifen; lower 11-OH-THC was statistically established only with proadifen. A testosterone effect on THC serum concentrations was not statistically established. Male animals sometimes showed less motor suppression/catalepsy. Testosterone replacement did not explain development of antinociceptive tolerance in the 2015 experiment.

Mechanism: Testosterone alters individual behavioural responses and sometimes THC oxidation; sex- and endpoint-specific.

Study type: Controlled animal experiments with gonadectomy and hormone replacement

Context studied: Gonadectomised adult rats, hormone replacement and injected THC. Craft 2017: author manuscript assessed, serum sample after approximately 255 minutes. The 2008/2015 papers remain based on original abstracts.

Clinical interpretation: Applicability to humans is unresolved; preclinical endpoint, not clinical evidence of treatment efficacy or safety.

Limitations and uncertainties: Not a human interaction or prediction for oral, transdermal or injected testosterone therapy. No uniform enhancing or attenuating effect across all endpoints; null findings do not prove safety.

Original sources for this finding: Gonadal hormone modulation of ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced antinociception and metabolism in female versus male rats. [VF_P_27670094]; Gonadal hormones do not alter the development of antinociceptive tolerance to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in adult rats. [VF_P_25863271]; Gonadal hormone modulation of the behavioral effects of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in male and female rats. [VF_P_17905227]

CBD – laboratory and animal studies

Finding ID: B0519

Type of result: Direct cell combination; surrogate endpoint

Observation: CBD pretreatment restored β-catenin immunostaining reduced by testosterone in the cell model.

Mechanism: Modulation of testosterone-reduced β-catenin protein expression; not systemic pharmacokinetics.

Study type: In-vitro study in human dermal papilla cells

Context studied: CBD pretreatment for 6 hours, followed by testosterone; original main-text methods, results and figure legends read. Untreated hair samples additionally used descriptively, not in a CBD-treatment study.

Clinical interpretation: Applicability to humans is unresolved; preclinical endpoint, not clinical evidence of treatment efficacy or safety.

Limitations and uncertainties: Cell marker, neither clinically established hair growth nor human testosterone concentrations. CBD also somewhat inhibited cell growth in the experiment. No claim of benefit for hair loss or systemic drug effects.

Original sources for this finding: Regulatory Effect of Cannabidiol (CBD) on Decreased β-Catenin Expression in Alopecia Models by Testosterone and PMA Treatment in Dermal Papilla Cells. [VF_P_34249397]

CBD – laboratory and animal studies

Finding ID: B0520

Type of result: Preclinical multi-component stimulus

Observation: CBD inhibited lipogenesis stimulated by linoleic acid together with testosterone in the sebocyte model investigated.

Mechanism: TRPV4/ERK1/2-MAPK-dependent modulation of lipogenesis.

Study type: In-vitro/organ model of human sebaceous glands

Context studied: Human sebocytes and skin organ culture; original abstract read. Testosterone was part of a combined lipogenic stimulus.

Clinical interpretation: Applicability to humans is unresolved; preclinical endpoint, not clinical evidence of treatment efficacy or safety.

Limitations and uncertainties: Linoleic-acid co-stimulation prevents an isolated testosterone pair effect. No clinical acne treatment or systemic testosterone pharmacokinetics investigated.

Original sources for this finding: Cannabidiol exerts sebostatic and antiinflammatory effects on human sebocytes. [VF_P_25061872]

CBD – laboratory and animal studies

Finding ID: B0521

Type of result: In-vitro probe substrate, not a human interaction

Observation: Pure CBD inhibited formation of hydroxylated testosterone metabolites in the microsome experiment.

Mechanism: Inhibition of testosterone hydroxylation as a CYP3A4/5 assay.

Study type: Human liver microsomes, CYP3A4/5 probe substrate

Context studied: Pooled human liver microsomes from 150 donors, testosterone 75 µM; methods and relevant CYP results, including figure legends, read.

Clinical interpretation: Applicability to humans is unresolved; preclinical endpoint, not clinical evidence of treatment efficacy or safety.

Limitations and uncertainties: Testosterone served as an enzyme probe, not a clinically administered hormone preparation. Unbound exposure, formulation and total human elimination not represented; no measured serum-concentration increase.

Original sources for this finding: Phytochemical Comparison of Medicinal Cannabis Extracts and Study of Their CYP-Mediated Interactions with Coumarinic Oral Anticoagulants. [CA_P_36814687]

THC – laboratory and animal studies

Finding ID: B0522

Type of result: In-vitro probe substrate, not a human interaction

Observation: Pure THC inhibited the CYP3A4/5 probe reaction; the main text reports an IC50 of 23.6 µM for this assay.

Mechanism: Inhibition of CYP3A4/5-mediated testosterone hydroxylation.

Study type: Human liver microsomes, CYP3A4/5 probe substrate

Context studied: Testosterone 75 µM in pooled human liver microsomes; value from original main text, not a clinical experiment.

Clinical interpretation: Applicability to humans is unresolved; preclinical endpoint, not clinical evidence of treatment efficacy or safety.

Limitations and uncertainties: IC50 depends on assay/substrate and is not a clinical threshold or use recommendation. No systemic testosterone therapy or hormone-concentration change measured in humans.

Original sources for this finding: Phytochemical Comparison of Medicinal Cannabis Extracts and Study of Their CYP-Mediated Interactions with Coumarinic Oral Anticoagulants. [CA_P_36814687]

CBG-rich cannabis extract; not pure CBG – laboratory and animal studies

Finding ID: B0523

Type of result: Extract finding, not transferable to pure substance

Observation: CBG-dominant extract inhibited testosterone hydroxylation in the laboratory; extract effects could not be reliably predicted from their principal cannabinoids alone.

Mechanism: Extract-dependent inhibition of the CYP3A4/5 probe reaction.

Study type: Human liver microsomes with characterised plant extracts

Context studied: Chemically characterised CBG extract versus CBD/THC-CBD/nabiximols extracts; testosterone as an enzyme probe.

Clinical interpretation: Applicability to humans is unresolved; preclinical endpoint, not clinical evidence of treatment efficacy or safety.

Limitations and uncertainties: Multi-component mixture with minor constituents; do not store as evidence of the same effect of pure CBG. Not a clinical testosterone pair effect.

Original sources for this finding: Phytochemical Comparison of Medicinal Cannabis Extracts and Study of Their CYP-Mediated Interactions with Coumarinic Oral Anticoagulants. [CA_P_36814687]

CBD – laboratory and animal studies

Finding ID: B0524

Type of result: Animal probe substrate; selective inhibition

Observation: CBD inhibited selected testosterone oxidations in a rat model and constitutive P450IIIA-dependent testosterone hydroxylation in a mouse model. Not all positions/induced isoenzymes responded alike.

Mechanism: Selective inhibition/inactivation of certain animal P450 activities; testosterone as an oxidation probe.

Study type: Rat/mouse liver microsomes and experimental animal pretreatment

Context studied: Original abstracts, 1988/1990; including CBD 30 µM in a rat microsome assay and high experimental animal CBD doses.

Clinical interpretation: Applicability to humans is unresolved; preclinical endpoint, not clinical evidence of treatment efficacy or safety.

Limitations and uncertainties: Species/isoenzyme dependence, testosterone as an enzyme probe; not a human testosterone-replacement study. Do not extrapolate experimental concentrations/doses to shop products or humans.

Original sources for this finding: Mechanism for inhibitory effect of cannabidiol on microsomal testosterone oxidation in male rat liver. [VF_P_2907469]; Selective inactivation of mouse liver cytochrome P-450IIIA by cannabidiol. [BMED2402224]

CBD and THC; separate experimental treatments – laboratory and animal studies

Finding ID: B0525

Type of result: Preclinical pretreatment, not clinical hormone co-medication

Observation: Steroid hydroxylase activities increased after acute or repeated CBD or THC treatment; testosterone formation in testicular microsomes was additionally investigated.

Mechanism: Exposure/time-dependent alteration of steroid-metabolising enzyme activity.

Study type: Rat pretreatment followed by microsome assays

Context studied: Original 1977 abstract: rats received CBD or THC, followed by testosterone/estradiol hydroxylation measurements and endogenous-synthesis assays.

Clinical interpretation: Applicability to humans is unresolved; preclinical endpoint, not clinical evidence of treatment efficacy or safety.

Limitations and uncertainties: Not a clinically administered testosterone preparation or CBD-plus-THC combination. Direction differs from direct inhibition in other assays; do not merge different experimental conditions into a uniform serum-concentration effect. Synthesis component is not replacement-therapy interaction evidence.

Original sources for this finding: The effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on the metabolism of gonadal steroids in the rat. [VF_P_17525]

THC – laboratory and animal studies

Finding ID: B0526

Type of result: Direct preclinical combination

Observation: THC opposed testosterone-induced changes in DNA/RNA/protein and acid phosphatase in the ventral prostate.

Mechanism: Antagonism of selected androgen-dependent tissue responses.

Study type: Animal experiment in adult castrated rats

Context studied: Original 1981 abstract; THC 10 mg/kg for 7 days, adult castrated rats.

Clinical interpretation: Applicability to humans is unresolved; preclinical endpoint, not clinical evidence of treatment efficacy or safety.

Limitations and uncertainties: Tissue parameters in an animal model; no attenuation of clinical testosterone effects demonstrated. Historical abstract, not an evaluated original full text.

Original sources for this finding: Antiandrogenic effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in adult castrated rats. [VF_P_6166747]

Cannabis extract; cannabinoid composition not chemically quantified even in the full text – laboratory and animal studies

Finding ID: B0527

Type of result: Direct extract combination in an animal model; organ endpoints, not clinical confirmation

Observation: Several relative organ weights in castrated male mice were lower with cannabis extract plus testosterone propionate than with testosterone propionate alone. Seminal-vesicle example: 388±36 versus 893±28 mg per 100 g body weight (mean ± SEM, 10 animals each; table P<0.01). Castrated controls were 164±12. This does not establish complete reversal of all testosterone effects; other organ endpoints require differentiated comparison.

Mechanism: Lower relative weights of several androgen-dependent organs with the combination. Authors suspect an antiandrogenic effect; no receptor or metabolic mechanism demonstrated.

Study type: Controlled animal experiment: 40 castrated adult male Swiss albino mice, four groups of 10

Context studied: Dixit and Lohiya 1975, original full text pp. 98–100 including Table 1 and footnotes fully assessed. Four groups: vehicle control, cannabis extract, testosterone propionate and combination. Thirty-day experiment; extract injected intraperitoneally, testosterone propionate subcutaneously; organ measurements 24 hours after final treatment. Organ weights expressed per 100 g body weight, not measured as testosterone concentrations.

Clinical interpretation: Preclinical signal with substantial methodological/reporting limitations. Not a clinically established interaction with testosterone therapy or a recommendation to change prescribed medicines.

Limitations and uncertainties: No chemical quantification of cannabinoids; no attribution to pure CBD or THC. Body weights and other organ values also differed between groups; a specific antiandrogenic effect is therefore not established. Serum hormones, fertility and clinical treatment success not investigated. Randomisation, blinding and statistical test method not described. Testosterone single-dose, interval, study-duration and total-dose details are arithmetically inconsistent. One prose P value also contradicts the table footnote. Reporting errors remain unresolved, without silent correction. No extrapolation of animal exposure to humans/shop products; missing human data do not establish safety.

Original sources for this finding: Effects of Cannabis extract on the response of accessory sex organs of adult male mice to testosterone. [VF_P_1158438]

7β-hydroxy-Δ8-THC; metabolite, not parent Δ8-THC – laboratory and animal studies

Finding ID: B0528

Type of result: In-vitro metabolite finding

Observation: Testosterone stimulated conversion of 7β-hydroxy-Δ8-THC to 7-oxo-Δ8-THC; conversely, the hydroxy metabolite inhibited testosterone 6β-hydroxylation in the assay.

Mechanism: Substrate-dependent activation or inhibition of microsomal oxidation with several proposed binding sites.

Study type: Monkey liver microsomes, mechanistic enzyme assay

Context studied: Original 2005 abstract; NADH/NADPH-dependent reactions in monkey microsomes.

Clinical interpretation: Mechanistic metabolite finding; not direct evidence for parent THC or clinical hormone therapy.

Limitations and uncertainties: Investigated a Δ8-THC metabolite, not parent THC or human replacement therapy. Do not upgrade to a clinical Δ8-THC/testosterone interaction.

Original sources for this finding: Stimulatory effects of testosterone and progesterone on the NADH- and NADPH-dependent oxidation of 7beta-hydroxy-delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol to 7-oxo-delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol in monkey liver microsomes. [VF_P_16272754]

References and access status

[VF_L_D0440] KYZATREX (TESTOSTERONE UNDECANOATE) CAPSULE, LIQUID FILLED [MARIUS PHARMACEUTICALS]

Original source / bibliographic reference

Authors: Marketing authorisation holder; official product information via DailyMed

Year: 2026

Source type: Official medicine information; relevant identity, PK, PD and DDI sections read individually

Source access – 23 October 2026: Source destination was accessible when checked.

Bibliographic attribution or source identity cross-checked.

[VF_P_1158438] Effects of Cannabis extract on the response of accessory sex organs of adult male mice to testosterone.

Original source / bibliographic reference

Authors: Dixit VP, Lohiya NK.

Year: 1975

Source type: Controlled animal experiment; short communication; original full text fully assessed

PMID: 1158438

Source access – 23 October 2026: Direct retrieval could not be fully verified; availability remains unresolved.

Bibliographic attribution or source identity cross-checked.

Unresolved access questions / further review: All three pages of the original full text from the official journal archive, including table/footnotes, scientifically assessed on 23 October 2026. Associated finding clarified. Contradictions in treatment regimen and one P value explicitly documented. Assessment concerns only this source; other open full-text questions remain.

Journal – original full text (PDF, freely accessible) – Original PDF from the journal archive; all three pages, including table and footnotes, scientifically assessed. Methodological limitations/inconsistencies identified in the finding.

Journal archive – original issue 19(2), article from page 98 – Official contents page with the Dixit and Lohiya article on pages 98–100 and a link to the original PDF.

[VF_P_16272754] Stimulatory effects of testosterone and progesterone on the NADH- and NADPH-dependent oxidation of 7beta-hydroxy-delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol to 7-oxo-delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol in monkey liver microsomes.

Original source / bibliographic reference

Authors: Funahashi T, Tanaka Y, Yamaori S, Kimura T, Matsunaga T, Ohmori S, Kageyama T, Yamamoto I, Watanabe K.

Year: 2005

Source type: Scientific publication; precise study type and suitability described in the finding or individual review

DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.20.358

PMID: 16272754

Source access – 23 October 2026: Automated direct retrieval was restricted; this does not establish that the link is broken.

Bibliographic attribution or source identity cross-checked.

DOI – publisher access (access restrictions may apply)

[VF_P_17525] The effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on the metabolism of gonadal steroids in the rat.

Original source / bibliographic reference

Authors: List A, Nazar B, Nyquist S, Harclerode J.

Year: 1977

Source type: Scientific publication; precise study type and suitability described in the finding or individual review

DOI: 10.1016/s0090-9556(25)05964-1

PMID: 17525

Source access – 23 October 2026: Source destination was accessible when checked.

Bibliographic attribution or source identity cross-checked.

DOI – publisher access (access restrictions may apply)

[VF_P_17905227] Gonadal hormone modulation of the behavioral effects of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in male and female rats.

Original source / bibliographic reference

Authors: Craft RM, Leitl MD.

Year: 2008

Source type: Scientific publication; precise study type and suitability described in the finding or individual review

DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.09.004

PMID: 17905227

Source access – 23 October 2026: Source destination was accessible when checked.

Bibliographic attribution or source identity cross-checked.

DOI – publisher access (access restrictions may apply)

[BMED2402224] Selective inactivation of mouse liver cytochrome P-450IIIA by cannabidiol.

Original source / bibliographic reference

Authors: Bornheim LM, Correia MA.

Year: 1990

Source type: Primary publication; abstract reviewed

DOI: 10.1016/s0026-895x(25)09483-0

PMID: 2402224

Source access – 23 October 2026: Automated direct retrieval was restricted; this does not establish that the link is broken.

Bibliographic attribution or source identity cross-checked.

PubMed – bibliographic reference / abstract

DOI – publisher access (access restrictions may apply)

[VF_P_25061872] Cannabidiol exerts sebostatic and antiinflammatory effects on human sebocytes.

Original source / bibliographic reference

Authors: Oláh A, Tóth BI, Borbíró I, Sugawara K, Szöllõsi AG, Czifra G, Pál B, Ambrus L, Kloepper J, Camera E, Ludovici M, Picardo M, Voets T, Zouboulis CC, Paus R, Bíró T.

Year: 2014

Source type: Scientific publication; precise study type and suitability described in the finding or individual review

DOI: 10.1172/jci64628

PMID: 25061872

Source access – 23 October 2026: Source destination was accessible when checked.

Bibliographic attribution or source identity cross-checked.

DOI – publisher access (access restrictions may apply)

[VF_P_25863271] Gonadal hormones do not alter the development of antinociceptive tolerance to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in adult rats.

Original source / bibliographic reference

Authors: Wakley AA, Wiley JL, Craft RM.

Year: 2015

Source type: Scientific publication; precise study type and suitability described in the finding or individual review

DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.03.021

PMID: 25863271

Source access – 23 October 2026: Direct retrieval could not be fully verified; availability remains unresolved.

Bibliographic attribution or source identity cross-checked.

DOI – publisher access (access restrictions may apply)

PubMed Central – full-text access according to the literature database – Archive attribution confirmed by Europe PMC metadata. Direct retrieval was not fully verified here; access may require a browser check.

Europe PMC – full-text access according to the literature database – Listed as freely available HTML full text in the official Europe PMC metadata. Direct retrieval was not fully verified here.

[VF_P_27670094] Gonadal hormone modulation of ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced antinociception and metabolism in female versus male rats.

Original source / bibliographic reference

Authors: Craft RM, Haas AE, Wiley JL, Yu Z, Clowers BH.

Year: 2017

Source type: Controlled animal experiment; author manuscript scientifically assessed

DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.09.006

PMID: 27670094

Source access – 23 October 2026: Automated direct retrieval was restricted; this does not establish that the link is broken.

Bibliographic attribution or source identity cross-checked.

Unresolved access questions / further review: Author manuscript read from the official Washington State University archive on 23 October 2026, including Figure 5. One blood-sampling time, not a complete concentration–time profile. Dependence on experimental arm clarified; no upgrading of clinical evidence.

DOI – publisher access (access restrictions may apply)

PubMed Central – full-text access according to the literature database – Archive attribution confirmed by Europe PMC metadata. Direct retrieval was not fully verified here; access may require a browser check.

Europe PMC – full-text access according to the literature database – Listed as freely available HTML full text in the official Europe PMC metadata. Direct retrieval was not fully verified here.

Washington State University – assessed author manuscript – Official university archive with freely accessible original author manuscript and PDF download; scientifically assessed on 23 October 2026. Same study, not additional independent evidence.

[VF_P_2907469] Mechanism for inhibitory effect of cannabidiol on microsomal testosterone oxidation in male rat liver.

Original source / bibliographic reference

Authors: Narimatsu S, Watanabe K, Yamamoto I, Yoshimura H.

Year: 1988

Source type: Scientific publication; precise study type and suitability described in the finding or individual review

DOI: 10.1016/s0090-9556(25)07059-x

PMID: 2907469

Source access – 23 October 2026: Direct retrieval could not be fully verified; availability remains unresolved.

Bibliographic attribution or source identity cross-checked.

DOI – publisher access (access restrictions may apply)

[VF_P_34249397] Regulatory Effect of Cannabidiol (CBD) on Decreased β-Catenin Expression in Alopecia Models by Testosterone and PMA Treatment in Dermal Papilla Cells.

Original source / bibliographic reference

Authors: Park YJ, Ryu JM, Na HH, Jung HS, Kim B, Park JS, Ahn BS, Kim KC.

Year: 2021

Source type: Scientific publication; precise study type and suitability described in the finding or individual review

DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2021.24.2.68

PMID: 34249397

Source access – 23 October 2026: Direct retrieval could not be fully verified; availability remains unresolved.

Bibliographic attribution or source identity cross-checked.

DOI – publisher access (access restrictions may apply)

PubMed Central – full-text access according to the literature database – Archive attribution confirmed by Europe PMC metadata. Direct retrieval was not fully verified here; access may require a browser check.

Europe PMC – full-text access according to the literature database – Listed as freely available HTML full text in the official Europe PMC metadata. Direct retrieval was not fully verified here.

[CA_P_36814687] Phytochemical Comparison of Medicinal Cannabis Extracts and Study of Their CYP-Mediated Interactions with Coumarinic Oral Anticoagulants.

Original source / bibliographic reference

Authors: Treyer A, Reinhardt JK, Eigenmann DE, Oufir M, Hamburger M.

Year: 2023

Source type: research-article; Journal Article

DOI: 10.1159/000528465

PMID: 36814687

Source access – 23 October 2026: Direct retrieval could not be fully verified; availability remains unresolved.

Bibliographic attribution or source identity cross-checked.

DOI – publisher access (access restrictions may apply)

PubMed Central – full-text access according to the literature database – Archive attribution confirmed by Europe PMC metadata. Direct retrieval was not fully verified here; access may require a browser check.

Europe PMC – full-text access according to the literature database – Listed as freely available HTML full text in the official Europe PMC metadata. Direct retrieval was not fully verified here.

[VF_P_6166747] Antiandrogenic effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in adult castrated rats.

Original source / bibliographic reference

Authors: Ghosh SP, Chatterjee TK, Ghosh JJ.

Year: 1981

Source type: Scientific publication; precise study type and suitability described in the finding or individual review

DOI: 10.1530/jrf.0.0620513

PMID: 6166747

Source access – 23 October 2026: Automated direct retrieval was restricted; this does not establish that the link is broken.

Bibliographic attribution or source identity cross-checked.

DOI – publisher access (access restrictions may apply)

Research as of 23 October 2026. Not all original full texts could be reviewed in full. Source accessibility and the strength of scientific evidence must be assessed separately. An accessible link does not establish medical approval; a bibliographic record with an abstract does not replace the original full text.

Drug search and explanation of the evidence · Guide: cannabinoids and medicines · Author and responsibility