Cannabis pharmacology: a chronology from antiquity to the present.

Putting the chronology in context

This overview brings together historical accounts, scientific discoveries and studies of cannabis and cannabinoids. Historical reports of use document earlier descriptions and practices; they do not, on their own, provide clinical evidence of efficacy or safety.

Appropriate human studies and their methodological quality are essential for assessing effects in people. This chronology is not a treatment, consumption or dosing recommendation and does not establish effects of Parmorcan® products.

Further reading: History of cannabis · Cannabidiol (CBD) · Delta-9-THC.

Methodological context: NCCIH – study types and clinical research.

Editorial responsibility: Dipl.-Chem. Mohammad Reza Talebnasab, proprietor of Parmorcan®.

2700 BCE:

Oral tradition in the notes of Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing

Hallucinatory effects, appetite stimulation, tonic and antisenility effects.

Oral tradition in Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing notes hallucinatory effects, appetite stimulation, tonic and antisenility effects; Shou-Zhong 1997

c. 2000 BCE:

Cannabis seeds in Margiana, a Proto-Zoroastrian site, as part of religious rites.

Cannabis seeds in Margiana, Proto-Zoroastrian site, part of religious rites;

Sarianidi 1998

c. 1800 BCE:

Thirty references from ancient Sumer and Akkad concerning grief, epilepsy, neuralgia and treatment against lice.

30 citations from Ancient Sumeria and Akkadia for grief, epilepsy, neuralgia, and pediculocide;

Babylon and Thompson 1903; Russo 2007; Thompson 1924; 1949

1534 BCE:

Ebers Papyrus, Egypt: vaginal contractions, ophthalmic conditions and other uses.

Ebers Papyrus, Egypt, for vaginal contractions, ophthalmological conditions, etc.;

Manniche 1989; Russo 2007

c. 1500 BCE:

The Atharva Veda describes bhanga as intended to ‘release us from anxiety’.

Atharva Veda notes bhanga to “release us from anxiety”;

Grierson 1894; Indian Hemp Drugs Commission 1894; Russo 2005

c. 750 BCE:

Kaneh bosem (aromatic cane) is part of the Hebrews' holy anointing oil.

Kaneh bosem (aromatic cane) part of holy anointing oil of Hebrews;

(Exodus 30:22-25); Alter 2004; Russo 2007

700 BCE:

Cannabis cache from the Yanghai Tombs, Xinjiang.

Cannabis cache from Yanghai Tombs,Xinjiang; biochemical and genomic analysis demonstrate THC chemotype;

Jiang et al. 2006; Russo et al. 2008

c. 600 BCE:

Persia: the Avesta describes ritual use and use in combination to induce miscarriage.

Persia: Avesta notes ritual use, and in combination to produce miscarriage;

Darmesteter 1895

450 BCE:

Intoxication in Central Asian funerary rites, later documented in frozen tombs in Siberia.

Intoxication in Central Asian funerary rites, subsequently documented in frozen tombs in Siberia;

Artamonov 1965; Herodotus 1998; Rudenko 1970; Russo 2007

c. 214 BCE:

The Erh-Ya in China describes the plant's dioecious nature, males being preferable for fibre and females for intoxication.

Erh-Ya, China describes dioecious status, superiority of males for fiber, females for intoxication;

Carr 1979; Russo 2007

First century CE:

‘The juice extracted from it and instilled is appropriate for earaches.’

“The juice extracted from it when green and instilled is appropriate for earaches”;

Dioscorides and Beck 2011 (p. 248)

First century CE:

Pliny the Elder describes gelotophyllis (‘leaves of laughter’ from Bactria) as producing hallucinations; also hemp infusion for looseness in beasts of burden, root for joint complaints and gout, and the herb for burns.

Pliny the Elder notes gelotophyllis (“Leaves of laughter” from Bactria) producing hallucinations; also hemp infusion for looseness in beasts of burden, root for joint contractures and gout, herb for burns;

Pliny 1951 (Book XX, Ch. 98, p. 298), 1980 (Book XXIV, Ch. 164, p. 117); Russo 2007

Second century CE:

Galen describes leaves for flatulence and seed juice for earache and chronic pain.

Galen notes leaves for flatus and seed juice for otalgia, chronic pain;

Brunner 1973; Butrica 2002; Sethi 1868

Second century CE:

Hua-Tho in China describes cannabis in wine as a surgical anaesthetic/analgesic.

Hua-Tho in China notes use in wine as surgical anesthetic/analgesic;

Julien 1849

Late second century CE:

Egyptian Fayyum Medical Book: use for tumours.

Egyptian Fayyum Medical Book for tumors;

Reymond 1976; Russo 2007

c. 350 CE:

Carbonised cannabis found in an Israeli cave near the remains of a woman who died in childbirth.

Carbonized cannabis found in Israeli cave by remains of woman dying in childbirth;

Zias 1995; Zias et al. 1993

c. 550 CE:

The Syriac Book of Medicines: use for excess saliva, and a hemp plug for anal fissures.

The Syriac Book of Medicines, for excess spittle, hemp plug for anal fissures;

Budge 1913, 570 Taoist incense, Needham and Gwei-Djen 1974

Eighth century CE:

Psychoactivity described by Jabir ibn Hayyan in Persia/Iraq.

Psychoactivity noted, Jabir ibn Hayyan in Persia/Iraq;

Lewis et al. 1971

c. 850:

In Persia, ibn Sahl uses compound medicines containing flower juice intranasally for migraine and uterine pain to prevent miscarriage.

In Persia, ibn Sahl uses compound medicine with flower juice intranasally for migraine, uterine pains to prevent miscarriage;

Kahl 1994; Russo 2001b, 2002

875:

In Iraq: muscle relaxant.

In Iraq, muscle relaxant;

Al-Kindi and Levey 1966; Russo 2007

Ninth century:

The Old English Herbarium recommends pounded hemp or its sap for wounds and ‘pain of the innards’.

The Old English Herbarium recommends pounded hemp or its sap for wounds, and for “pain of the innards”;

Pollington 2000 (p. 301)

Ninth century:

Ibn al-Baytar, Egypt: use against worms and neuralgia.

Ibn al-Baytar, Egypt, vermicidal, for neuralgia;

Lozano 2001

c. 900:

Al-Razi, Persia: use to stimulate hair growth.

Al-Razi, Persia, to stimulate hair growth;

Lozano 2001

Tenth century:

Hemp is part of the ‘holy salve’ in the Anglo-Saxon Lacnunga.

Hemp part of “holy salve” in Anglo-Saxon Lacnunga;

Grattan and Singer 1952 (p. 123)

c. 1000:

Al-Mayusi: first mention for epilepsy, with leaf juice used intranasally.

Al-Mayusi first mention in epilepsy, leaf juice intanasally;

Al-Mayusi 1877; Lozano 2001

Eleventh century:

Roots for fever and tumours, herb juice for ears, and leaves for dandruff.

Roots for fever, tumors, herb juice for ears, and leaves for dandruff;

Ibn Sina (Avicenna) 1294

Eleventh century:

Old English Herbarium: hemp and fat applied to the breast to disperse swelling and remove diseased matter; the herb drunk to relieve ‘pain of the innards’.

Olde English Herbarium, hemp and fat applied to breast to disperse swelling and purge diseased matter; herb when drunk to relieve pain of the innards;

Vriend 1984

Twelfth century:

In Spain, Sheshet Benveniste recommends theriaca containing cannabis as a tonic, describing it as curing infertility and restoring the womb, stomach and head.

In Spain, Sheshet Benveniste recommends theriaca with cannabis as tonic, curing sterility, repairing the womb, stomach and head;

Barkai 1998

1158:

Hildegard von Bingen: headache, stomach mucus and compresses for sores and wounds.

Hildegard von Bingen, for headache, stomach slime, and compress for sores, wounds;

Fankhauser 2002; Hildegard and Throop 1998

1200:

Anandakanda, India: increasing longevity.

Anandakanda, India, increasing longevity;

Russo 2005

Thirteenth century:

Italy, Codex Vindobonensis 93: ointment for breast swelling and pain.

Italy, Codex Vindobonensis 93, ointment for breast swelling, pain;

Russo 2002; Zotter 1996

Thirteenth century:

Ibn Rasul: headaches and ear pain.

Ibn Rasul, headache and ear pains;

Lewis et al. 1971

1542:

Latin binomial: Cannabis sativa; boiled root for gout, raw root for burns, boiled wild hemp applied as a wrap for tumours.

Latin binomial: Cannabis sativa; root boiled for gout, raw for burns, wild hemp boiled, wrapped for tumors;

Fuchs 1999

1546:

Boiled root for sore muscles, stiff joints, gout and rheumatism; herb juice for colicky horses, raw root for burns.

Boiled root for sore muscles, stiff joints, gout, rheumatism, herb juice for colicky horses, raw on burns;

Rabelais 1990

1563:

Indian hemp described as producing laughter, relieving anxiety, increasing appetite and improving work.

Indian hemp engenders laughter, allays anxiety, increases appetite, improves work;

Da Orta 1913

1570:

Feckenham lists ‘hemmp’ as part of a honey/wine mixture for wounds and fistulae.

Feckenham cites “hemmp” as part of honey/wine mixture for wounds, fistulae;

Macgill 1990

1596:

Li Shi-Chen: flowers for menstrual disorders, root juice for retained placenta and postpartum haemorrhage.

Li Shi-Chen: flowers for menstrual disorders, root juice for retained placenta, post-partum hemorrhage;

Stuart 1928; Russo 2002

1597:

Hemp for jaundice and colic.

Hemp for jaundice and colic;

Gerard and Johnson 1975; Crawford 2002

Seventeenth century (Rumphius):

In the Far East: effects on mood and use for gonorrhoea, pleurisy and hernia.

In Far East, benefits on mood, gonorrhea, pleurisy, hernia;

Rumpf and Beekman 1981 · Source 1

1621:

Indian hemp described as producing ecstasy and laughter.

Indian hemp produces ecstasy, laughter;

Burton 1907

Eighteenth century:

In India, Makhzan al-adwiya: leaf snuff for ‘cleansing the brain’, removing dandruff and vermin, and treating diarrhoea and gonorrhoea; powder for wounds and sores, herb to prolong life.

In India, Makhzan al-adwiya, leaf snuff for “deterging the brain,” to remove dandruff and vermin, treat diarrhea, gonorrhea, powder for wounds, sores, herb to prolong life;

Russo 2005

1712:

Psychotropic effects in Persia and India.

Psychotropic effects in Persia, India;

Kaempfer 1996

1751:

Medicina Britannica: hemp to induce menstruation and ‘against Pissing the Bed’.

Medicina Britannica, hemp precipitates menses, “against Pissing the Bed”;

Short 1751 (p. 138)

1772:

Linnaeus summarises cannabis: ‘narcotica, phantastica, dementans, repellens’.

Linneaus summarizes cannabis: “narcotica, phantastica, dementans, repellens”;

Linné 1772

1784:

In Scotland: hemp oil for urinary burning, incontinence and ‘restraining venereal appetites’.

In Scotland, hemp oil for urinary burning, incontinence and “restraining venereal appetites”;

Lewis 1794

1830:

Extract in wine for nervousness.

Extract in wine for nervousness;

Nees Von Esenbeck and Ebermaier 1830

1839:

O’Shaughnessy studies the Indian pharmacopoeia and tests dogs, then patients, for tetanus, rabies, epilepsy and rheumatoid disease.

O’Shaughnessy studies Indian pharmacopoeia, tests dogs, then patients, for tetanus, rabies, epilepsy, rheumatoid disease;

O’Shaughnessy 1838–1840

1843:

Indian hemp used for cough in tuberculosis, pertussis, migraine, rheumatic joint pain, gout and morphine withdrawal.

Indian hemp treats cough in tuberculosis, pertussis, migraine, rheumatic joint pain, gout, morphine withdrawal; Clendinning 1843; Russo 2001b

1843:

Reported treatment success in convulsions.

Treatment success in convulsions;

Pereira 1843

1843:

Hashish used for bubonic plague.

Hashish treats bubonic plague;

Aubert-Roche 1843

1843:

Testing in psychiatry.

Testing in psychiatry;

Moreau 1845

1845:

In Ireland, Donovan treats migraine, neuralgia and musculoskeletal pain.

In Ireland, Donovan treats migraine, neuralgia and musculoskeletal pain;

Donovan 1845, 1851; Russo 2001b

1848:

For neuralgia and sleep.

For neuralgia and sleep;

Christison 1848

1849:

Uterine haemorrhage.

Uterine hemorrhage; Churchill 1849;

Russo 2002

1851:

Reported enhancement of uterine contractions during labour.

Enhances uterine contractions in labor;

Christison 1851

1857:

Tolerance and reverse tolerance described.

Tolerance and reverse tolerance described;

Ludlow 1857

1860:

Case report concerning bipolar disorder.

Case report in bipolar disease;

McMeens 1860

1860:

Reported restoration of natural sleep in 1,000 patients.

Restores natural sleep in 1000 patients;

Fronmüller 1860

1862:

Reported as life-saving in hyperemesis gravidarum (intractable vomiting during pregnancy causing dehydration, weight loss and ketosis).

Life-saving in hyperemesis gravidarum;

Russo 2002; Wright 1863, 1862

1860:

American Civil War: used for war injuries and with opium for dysentery (a contagious diarrhoeal illness caused by Shigella bacteria).

American Civil War, employed for war injuries, with opium for dysentery;

United States. Dept. Of the Army. Office of the Surgeon General et al. 1990

1867:

Delirium tremens treated with tincture.

Delirium tremens treated with tincture;

Tyrell 1867

1870:

Melancholia, obsession and anxiety.

Melancholia, obsession and anxiety;

Polli 1870; Russo 2001a

1883:

Mental depression with insomnia.

Mental depression with insomnia;

Strange 1883

1886:

Ringer recommends use for migraine prevention, dysuria, urinary retention and dysmenorrhoea.

Ringer endorses for migraine prophylaxis, dysuria, urinary retention and dysmenorrhea;

Ringer 1886

1887:

Reported advantages over opiates and distancing from pain.

Advantages over opiates, distancing from pain;

Hare 1887; Russo 2001b

1887:

For chronic daily headache.

For chronic daily headache;

Mackenzie 1887a, 1887b, 1894

1888:

Reported superiority in migraine and parkinsonian tremor.

Superiority in migraine, tremor of parkinsonism;

Gowers 1888

1889:

Suppositories for menopause.

Suppositories for menopause;

Farlow 1889; Russo 2002

1890:

Promoted for migraine, senility, dysmenorrhoea, childhood convulsions and teething.

Touted for migraine, senility, dysmenorrhea, childhood convulsions, teething;

Reynolds 1890; Russo 2001b, 2002

1890:

Gastrointestinal pain.

Gastrointestinal pain;

Sée 1890

1890:

Delirium tremens and cyclic vomiting.

Delirium tremens and cyclic vomiting;

Aulde 1890

1891:

Historical medicinal use is attributed to Mattison (1891). The inherited German and English summaries disagree about the symptom described; this wording remains unresolved from the original text and must not be treated as a modern efficacy claim.

Mattison 1891; Russo 2001a

1894:

Migraine, syphilitic and functional gastrointestinal pain.

Migraine, syphilitic and functional gastrointestinal pain;

Mackenzie 1894

1897:

Oromucosal activity.

Oromucosal activity;

Marshall 1897; Russo 2007

1899:

Pain, including herpes zoster (shingles).

Pain, including herpes zoster;

Shoemaker 1899

1900:

Dysmenorrhoea and malarial symptoms.

Dysmenorrhea, malarial symptoms;

Lewis 1900

1915:

Described as the most satisfactory remedy for migraine.

Most satisfactory remedy for migraine;

Osler and Mccrae 1915; Russo 2001b

1934:

Psychiatric consequences reviewed, with little lasting harm reported.

Psychiatric sequelae reviewed, finding little lasting harm;

Bromberg 1934

1942:

Menstrual migraine.

Menstrual migraine;

Fishbein 1942

1944:

Loewe reviews cannabinoid pharmacology and structure–activity relationships.

Loewe reviews cannabinoid pharmacology, structureactivity relationships;

New York (N.Y.). Mayor's Committee on Marihuana. et al. 1944

1947:

Duodenal ulcers.

Duodenal ulcers;

Douthwaite 1947

1964:

Isolation and synthesis of tetrahydrocannabinol.

Isolation, synthesis of tetrahydrocannabinol;

Gaoni and Mechoulam 1964

1968:

Landmark clinical investigation.

Landmark clinical investigation;

Weil et al. 1968

1971:

Cannabis reported to decrease intraocular pressure.

Cannabis decreases intraocular pressure;

Hepler and Frank 1971

1975:

THC investigated as an antineoplastic agent in lung adenocarcinoma.

THC antineoplastic in lung adenocarcinoma;

Munson et al. 1975

1975:

THC as an antiemetic during cancer chemotherapy.

THC antiemetic, cancer chemotherapy;

Sallan et al. 1975

1975:

THC described as equianalgesic to codeine.

THC equi-analgesic to codeine;

Noyes et al. 1975

1976:

THC described as comparable to salbutamol as a bronchodilator.

THC equals salbutamol as bronchodilatator;

Williams et al. 1976

1981:

CBD investigated as an anticonvulsant in humans.

CBD anticonvulsant in humans;

Carlini and Cunha 1981

1981:

Reported reduction in spasticity with THC.

THC reduces spasticity;

Petro and Ellenberger 1981

1982:

In a small double-blind experiment in eight volunteers, CBD reduced some THC-induced anxiety and subjective effects under the tested conditions. The study did not test whether CBD reduces craving for THC.

Zuardi et al. 1982 · Source 1

1985:

Discovery of the anti-inflammatory constituent cannflavin A.

Anti-inflammatory component, cannflavin A, discovered;

Barrett et al. 1985

1985:

Marinol®, synthetic THC, approved for chemotherapy-related nausea.

Marinol®, synthetic THC, approved for chemotherapy nausea;

US 1985

1986:

Open-label evaluation of cannabidiol in dystonic movement disorders.

Open label evaluation of cannabidiol in dystonic movement disorders;

P. Consroe, R. Sandyk, S. R. Snider

1988:

Discovery of the cannabinoid receptor CB1.

Discovery of cannabinoid receptor, CB1;

Devane et al. 1988

1989:

CB1 identified as a G-protein-coupled receptor.

CB1 a G-protein-coupled receptor;

Matsuda et al. 1990

1991:

Reported improvement in night vision with cannabis in Jamaica and Morocco, subsequently investigated experimentally.

Cannabis improves night vision in Jamaica and Morocco, subsequently experimentally demonstrated;

Merzouki and Molero Mesa 1999; Russo et al. 2004a; West 1991

1991:

Evans (1991) discusses an animal experiment by Sofia and colleagues (1973): in a carrageenan-induced oedema test in rats, oral THC showed 20 times the potency of aspirin and nearly twice that of hydrocortisone. This does not establish corresponding efficacy in humans.

Evans 1991 – review; Sofia et al. 1973 – original rat experiment

1992:

Discovery of the endogenous cannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide, AEA).

Discovery of endogenous cannabinoid, arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide, AEA);

Devane et al. 1992

1993:

CB2 receptor identified.

CB2 receptor identified;

Munro et al. 1993

1993:

CBD reported to reduce anxiety.

CBD reduces anxiety;

Zuardi et al. 1993

1993:

Anandamide active in the cannabinoid tetrad.

Anandamide active in cannabinoid tetrad;

Fride and Mechoulam 1993

1994:

In a Jamaican observational study of 44 newborns, no significant group differences were found on day three. At one month, the prenatally cannabis-exposed group scored better on some measures. The authors discussed social and cultural factors. This small study establishes neither a causal developmental benefit nor safety during pregnancy; long-term development was not assessed.

Dreher et al. 1994 – original study

1995:

Endogenous cannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol.

Endogenous cannabinoid, 2-arachidonoylglycerol;

Mechoulam et al. 1995; Sugiura et al. 1995

1995:

An uncontrolled study in eight children receiving chemotherapy reported prevention of vomiting with delta-8-THC and few reported adverse effects. This small report does not establish general paediatric safety or justify unsupervised treatment.

Abrahamov and Mechoulam 1995 · Source 1

1995:

CBD reported to improve psychosis.

CBD improves psychosis;

Zuardi et al. 1995

1997:

Reported reduction of agitation in dementia with THC.

THC reduces agitation in dementia;

Volicer et al. 1997

1998:

GW Pharmaceuticals begins production in the United Kingdom.

GW Pharmaceuticals begins cultivation, UK;

Guy and Stott 2005

1998:

‘Endocannabinoids’ described: ‘relax, eat, sleep, forget, and protect’.

“Endocannabinoids” described: “relax, eat, sleep, forget, and protect”;

Di Marzo 1998

1998:

Endocannabinoid ‘entourage effect’.

Endocannabinoid “entourage effect”;

Ben-Shabat et al. 1998; Mechoulam and Ben-Shabat 1999

1998:

THC and CBD investigated as neuroprotective antioxidants.

THC, CBD, neuroprotective antioxidants;

Hampson et al. 1998

1998:

THC induces apoptosis (programmed cell death) in glioma models (central nervous system brain tumours).

THC produces apoptosis in glioma;

Sanchez et al. 1998

2000:

CBD antagonises tumour necrosis factor alpha in a rheumatoid model.

CBD antagonizes tumor necrosis factor-alpha in rheumatoid model;

Malfait et al. 2000

2001:

CBD described as a TRPV1 agonist, fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor and stimulator of AEA synthesis.

CBD is a TRPV1 agonist, fatty acid amide hydrolaseinhibitor, stimulator of AEA synthesis;

Bisogno et al. 2001

2001:

Clinical endocannabinoid deficiency syndrome proposed as a hypothesis.

Clinical endocannabinoid deficiency syndrome hypothesized;

Russo 2001a, 2001b, 2004b

2002:

Investigation of anti-nausea effects of CBD.

CBD antinausea effects;

Parker et al. 2002

2003:

First Sativex® trial for multiple sclerosis symptoms.

First trial of Sativex® in multiple sclerosis symptoms;

Wade et al. 2003

2003:

A 21-day randomised trial in people with HIV found no apparent adverse effect on the measured viral load, CD4/CD8 cell counts or protease-inhibitor levels. This does not establish long-term immunological or overall safety.

Abrams et al. 2003 · Source 1

2003:

THC and cannabis extract reported to benefit mobility and subjective spasticity in MS.

THC, cannabis extract benefit mobility, subjective spasticity in MS;

Zajicek et al. 2003

2003:

THC reported to improve Tourette symptoms without neuropsychological sequelae.

THC improves Tourette symptoms without neuropsychological sequelae;

Müller-Vahl et al. 2003a, 2003b

2004:

Reported pain benefit with Sativex®.

Sativex® benefits pain;

Notcutt et al. 2004

2004:

Cannabis extracts reported to reduce urological symptoms in MS.

Cannabis extracts reduce urological symptoms in MS;

Brady et al. 2004

2004:

Sativex® and high-THC extracts investigated for pain after brachial plexus avulsion (injury to a peripheral nerve network formed by anterior spinal-nerve branches).

Sativex®, high-THC extracts effective in brachial plexus avulsion pain;

Berman et al. 2004

2004:

Reported reduction of MS pain with THC.

THC reduces MS pain;

Svendsen et al. 2004

2004:

CBD reported to increase wakefulness and counteract THC sedation.

CBD increases wakefulness, counteracts THC sedation;

Nicholson et al. 2004

2005:

Sativex® approved in Canada for neuropathic pain in MS.

Sativex® approved in Canada for neuropathic pain in MS;

Rog et al. 2005

2005:

THCV identified as a CB1 antagonist.

THCV CB1 antagonist;

Thomas et al. 2005

2005:

CBD agonist activity at serotonin 1A.

CBD agonist at serotonin-1A;

Russo et al. 2005

2006:

CBD and other phytocannabinoids investigated for cytotoxicity in breast-cancer models.

Antitumor activity of plant cannabinoids with emphasis on the effect of cannabidiol on human breast carcinoma;

Ligresti et al. 2006

2006:

Sativex reduces pain, disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis.

Sativex reduces pain, disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis;

Blake et al. 2006

2006:

CBD enhances adenosine A2A receptor signalling.

CBD enhances adenosine receptor A2A signaling;

Carrier et al. 2006

2006:

A retrospective survey reported participants’ perceived relief of pregnancy-related nausea. Self-report cannot establish treatment efficacy or safety in pregnancy. Cannabis is not recommended during pregnancy.

Westfall et al. 2006 · Source 1 · Source 2

2006:

Better treatment adherence reported among hepatitis C patients using cannabis.

Hepatitis C patients using cannabis better adhere to treatment;

Sylvestre et al. 2006

2006:

A population-based case-control study found no clear adjusted association between cannabis use and lung or upper aerodigestive cancers in its data. It did not demonstrate that cannabis prevents lung cancer; bias, confounding and exposure measurement remain limitations.

Hashibe et al. 2006 · Source 1

2006:

Inhibition of salivary secretion by activation of cannabinoid receptors.

Inhibition of salivary secretion by activation of cannabinoid receptors;

Juan Pablo Prestifilippo, Javier Fernández-Solari, Carolina de la Cal, María Iribarne, Angela M. Suburo, Valeria Rettori, Samuel M. McCann, Juan Carlos Elverdin

2006:

Topical cannabinoid agonists: a proposed new option for treating chronic pruritus (itching).

Topical cannabinoid agonists. An effective new possibility for treating chronic pruritus;

S. Ständer, H. W. Reinhardt, T. A. Luger

2006:

Effect of sublingual cannabinoid administration on intraocular pressure: a pilot study.

Effect of sublingual application of cannabinoids on intraocular pressure: a pilot study;

Ileana Tomida, Augusto Azuara-Blanco, Heather House, Maggie Flint, Roger G Pertwee, Philip J Robson

2006:

Role of the cannabinoid system in pain control and therapeutic implications for managing acute and chronic pain episodes.

Role of the cannabinoid system in pain control and therapeutic implications for the management of acute and chronic pain episodes;

J. Manzanares, M.D. Julian, A. Carrascosa

2007:

Sativex® in peripheral neuropathic pain.

Sativex® in peripheral neuropathic pain;

Nurmikko et al. 2007

2007:

Sativex® approved in Canada for opioid-resistant cancer pain.

Sativex® approved in Canada in opioid-resistant cancer pain;

Johnson et al. 2010

2007:

Smoked cannabis in short-term trials of sensory neuropathy in HIV/AIDS.

Smoked cannabis in short-term trials of sensory neuropathy in HIV/AIDS;

Abrams et al. 2007a

2007:

Vaporisation pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics reported as comparable to smoking.

Vaporization pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics comparable to smoking;

Abrams et al. 2007b

2007:

CBD antagonises CB1 in the presence of THC.

CBD antagonizes CB1 in presence of THC;

Thomas et al. 2007

2007:

CBD investigated for reducing prions (infectious disease-causing proteins that can cause illness in humans and animals) and toxicity.

CBD reduces prions, toxicity;

Dirikoc et al. 2007

2008:

Reported benefit in a short-term HIV neuropathy study.

Benefit in short-term study of HIV neuropathy;

Ellis et al. 2009

2008:

CBD and CBG investigated for antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

CBD, CBG antibiotic for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus;

Appendino et al. 2008

2008:

β-Caryophyllene, a sesquiterpenoid, identified as a potent CB2 agonist.

β-caryophyllene, sesquiterpenoid, potent CB2 agonist;

Gertsch et al. 2008

2008:

Reported cannabis efficacy in a short neuropathic-pain trial.

Cannabis effective in brief neuropathic pain trial;

Wilsey et al. 2008

2009:

Cannabichromene-dominant plant, concentrated as an enriched trichome product.

Cannabichromene-predominant plant; concentrated as enriched trichome product;

De Meijer et al. 2009; Potter 2009

2009:

Cannabidiol for the treatment of psychosis in Parkinson's disease.

Cannabidiol for the treatment of psychosis in Parkinson’s disease;

A. W. Zuardi, J. A. S. Crippa, J. E. C. Hallak, J. P. Pinto, M. H. N. Chagas, G. G. R. Rodrigues, S. M. Dursun, V. Tumas

2009:

5-HT1A receptors are involved in cannabidiol-induced attenuation of behavioural and cardiovascular responses to acute restraint stress in rats.

5-HT 1A receptors are involved in the cannabidiol-induced attenuation of behavioural and cardiovascular responses to acute restraint stress in rats;

Leonardo B. M. Resstel, Rodrigo F. Tavares, Sabrina F. S. Lisboa, Sâmia R. L. Joca, Fernando M. A. Corrêa, Francisco S. Guimarães

2010:

Sativex® approved in the United Kingdom and Spain for intractable MS spasticity.

Sativex® approved UK, Spain for intractable spasticity in MS;

Novotna et al. 2011

2010:

Reported reduction of opioid-resistant cancer pain with Sativex®.

Sativex® reduces pain in opioid-resistant cancer;

Johnson et al. 2010

2010:

THCV investigated as an anticonvulsant (for treating or preventing epileptic seizures, such as tonic–clonic seizures).

THCV anticonvulsant;

Hill et al. 2010

2010:

Single inhalations reported to reduce neuropathic pain.

Single inhalations reduce neuropathic pain;

Ware et al. 2010

2010:

Reported Sativex® benefit for urological MS symptoms.

Sativex® benefits urological MS symptoms;

Kavia et al. 2010

2010:

Cannabigerol identified as a potent TRPM8 antagonist in prostate-cancer research.

Cannabigerol a potent TRPM8 antagonist for prostate cancer;

De Petrocellis and Di Marzo 2010

2010:

THCV reduces hyperalgesia (increased sensitivity to a painful stimulus) in animals.

THCV reduces hyperalgesia in animals;

Bolognini et al. 2010

2010:

Cannabidivarin and THCV investigated as anticonvulsants.

Cannabidivarin, THCV anticonvulsant; Hill et al. 2010;

Jones et al. 2010

2010:

Reported improvement of intractable chemotherapy nausea with Sativex®.

Sativex® improves intractable nausea of chemotherapy;

Duran et al. 2010

2010:

THC and a CB2-selective agonist reduced tumour progression in a mouse model of ErbB2-positive breast cancer. These are preclinical findings, not evidence that cannabis products treat breast cancer in people.

Caffarel et al. 2010 · Source 1

2010:

Multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of the efficacy, safety and tolerability of THC:CBD extract and THC extract in patients with intractable cancer-related pain.

Multicenter, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study of the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of THC : CBD Extract and THC Extract in Patients with Intractable Cancer-Related Pain;

Jeremy R. Johnson, Mary Burnell-Nugent, Dominique Lossignol, Elena Doina Ganae-Motan, Richard Potts, Marie T. Fallon

2010:

Preliminary efficacy and safety of an oromucosal standardised cannabis extract in chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.

Preliminary efficacy and safety of an oromucosal standardized cannabis extract in chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting;

Marta Duran, Eulàlia Pérez, Sergio Abanades, Xavier Vidal, Cristina Saura, Margarita Majem, Edurne Arriola, Manel Rabanal, Antoni Pastor, Magí Farré, Neus Rams, Joan-Ramon Laporte, Dolors Capellà

2010:

Cannabis genome published.

Cannabis genome published;

Medicinal Genomics 2012; Van Bakel et al. 2011

2011:

A preclinical study found enhanced antitumour activity from combinations of cannabinoids and temozolomide in glioma models, including mouse xenografts. Clinical benefit and safety in patients were not established by this study.

Torres et al. 2011 · Source 1

2011:

Regulation of nausea and vomiting by cannabinoids.

Regulation of nausea and vomiting by cannabinoids;

Linda A. Parker, Erin M Rock, Cheryl L. Limebeer

2011:

Neural basis of anxiolytic effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in generalised social anxiety disorder: a preliminary report.

Neural basis of anxiolytic effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in generalized social anxiety disorder: a preliminary report;

José Alexandre S. Crippa, Guilherme Nogueira Derenusson, Thiago Borduqui Ferrari, Lauro Wichert-Ana, Fábio L. S. Duran, Rocio Martin-Santos, Marcus Vinícius Simões, Sagnik Bhattacharyya, Paolo Fusar-Poli, Zerrin Atakan, Alaor Santos Filho, Maria Cecília Freitas-Ferrari, Philip K. McGuire, Antonio Waldo Zuardi, Geraldo F. Busatto, Jaime Eduardo Cecílio Hallak

2012:

A small four-week randomised trial compared CBD with amisulpride in acute schizophrenia and reported symptom improvement in both groups. It does not establish general equivalence to antipsychotic medicines or support replacing prescribed treatment with retail CBD products.

Leweke et al. 2012 · Source 1

2012:

Cannabinoids suppress inflammatory and neuropathic pain by targeting α3 glycine receptors.

Cannabinoids suppress inflammatory and neuropathic pain by targeting α3 glycine receptors;

Wei Xiong, Tanxing Cui, Kejun Cheng, Fei Yang, Shao-Rui Chen, Dan Willenbring, Yun Guan, Hui-Lin Pan, Ke Ren, Yan Xu, Li Zhang

2012:

Cannabinol and cannabidiol exert opposing effects on rat feeding patterns.

Cannabinol and cannabidiol exert opposing effects on rat feeding patterns;

Jonathan A. Farrimond, Benjamin J. Whalley, Claire M. Williams

2012:

Cannabidiol injected into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis reduces expression of contextual fear conditioning via 5-HT1A receptors.

Cannabidiol injected into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis reduces the expression of contextual fear conditioning via 5-HT1A receptors;

Felipe V. Gomes 1, Daniel G. Reis, Fernando H. F. Alves, Fernando M. A. Corrêa, Francisco S. Guimarães, Leonardo B. M. Resstel

2012:

Multiple mechanisms involved in the broad therapeutic potential of cannabidiol in psychiatric disorders.

Multiple mechanisms involved in the large-spectrum therapeutic potential of cannabidiol in psychiatric disorders;

Alline Cristina Campos, Fabricio Araújo Moreira, Felipe Villela Gomes, Elaine Aparecida Del Bel, Francisco Silveira Guimarães

2013:

Cannabidiol as a potential anticancer drug.

Cannabidiol as potential anticancer drug;

Paola Massi, Marta Solinas, Valentina Cinquina, Daniela Parolaro

2013:

Endocannabinoid system and mood disorders: a target for new therapies.

Endocannabinoid system and mood disorders: Priming a target for new therapies;

Vincenzo Micale, Vincenzo Di Marzo, Alexandra Sulcova, Carsten T. Wotjak, Filippo Drago

2014:

Long-term cannabidiol treatment prevents development of social-recognition memory deficits in transgenic Alzheimer's-disease mice.

Long-term cannabidiol treatment prevents the development of social recognition memory deficits in Alzheimer’s disease transgenic mice;

David Cheng, Adena S. Spiro, Andrew M. Jenner, Brett Garner, Tim Karl

2014:

Cannabidiol exerts sebostatic and anti-inflammatory effects on human sebocytes.

Cannabidiol exerts sebostatic and antiinflammatory effects on human sebocytes;

Attila Oláh, Balázs I. Tóth, István Borbíró, Koji Sugawara, Attila G. Szöllõsi, Gabriella Czifra, Balázs Pál, Lídia Ambrus, Jennifer Kloepper, Emanuela Camera, Matteo Ludovici, Mauro Picardo, Thomas Voets, Christos C. Zouboulis, Ralf Paus, Tamás Bíró

2014:

Effects of cannabidiol in treating patients with Parkinson's disease: an exploratory double-blind trial.

Effects of cannabidiol in the treatment of patients with Parkinson’s disease: An exploratory double-blind trial;

Marcos Hortes N. Chagas, Antonio W. Zuardi, Vitor Tumas, Márcio Alexandre Pena-Pereira, Emmanuelle T. Sobreira, Mateus M. Bergamaschi, Antonio Carlos dos Santos, Antonio Lucio Teixeira, Jaime E. C. Hallak, José Alexandre S. Crippa

2014:

Potential effects of cannabidiol as a wake-promoting agent.

Potential Effects of Cannabidiol as a Wake-Promoting Agent;

Eric Murillo-Rodríguez, Andrea Sarro-Ramírez, Daniel Sánchez, Stephanie Mijangos-Moreno, Alma Tejeda-Padrón, Alwin Poot-Aké, Khalil Guzmán, Elda Pacheco-Pantoja, Oscar Arias-Carrión

2014:

Cannabidiol can improve complex sleep-related behaviours associated with rapid-eye-movement sleep behaviour disorder in Parkinson's-disease patients: a case series.

Cannabidiol can improve complex sleep-related behaviours associated with rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder in Parkinson’s disease patients: a case series;

M. H. N. Chagas, A. L. Eckeli, A. W. Zuardi, M. A. Pena-Pereira, M. A. Sobreira-Neto, E. T. Sobreira, M. R. Camilo, M. M. Bergamaschi, C. H. Schenck, J. E. C. Hallak, V. Tumas, J. A. S. Crippa

2014:

Protective effects of cannabidiol on lesion-induced intervertebral-disc degeneration.

Protective effects of cannabidiol on lesion-induced intervertebral disc degeneration;

João W. Silveira, Ana Carolina Issy, Vitor A. Castania, Carlos E. G. Salmon, Marcello H. Nogueira-Barbosa, Francisco S. Guimarães, Helton L. A. Defino, Elaine Del Bel

2014:

Antidepressant-like and anxiolytic-like effects of cannabidiol: a chemical compound of Cannabis sativa.

Antidepressant-like and anxiolytic-like effects of cannabidiol: a chemical compound of Cannabis sativa;

Alexandre R. de Mello Schier, Natalia P. de Oliveira Ribeiro, Danielle S. Coutinho, Sergio Machado, Oscar Arias-Carrión, Jose A. Crippa, Antonio W. Zuardi, Antonio E. Nardi, Adriana C. Silva

2015:

Cannabidiol oil for decreasing addictive marijuana use: a case report.

Cannabidiol Oil for Decreasing Addictive Use of Marijuana: A Case Report;

Scott Shannon, Janet Opila-Lehman

2016:

Transdermal cannabidiol reduces inflammation and pain-related behaviour in a rat arthritis model.

Transdermal cannabidiol reduces inflammation and pain-related behaviours in a rat model of arthritis;

D.C. Hammell, L.P. Zhang, F. Ma, S.M. Abshire, S.L. McIlwrath, A.L. Stinchcomb, K.N. Westlund

2016:

Cannabidiol reduces cigarette consumption in tobacco smokers: preliminary findings.

Cannabidiol reduces cigarette consumption in tobacco smokers: preliminary findings;

Celia J. A. Morgan, Ravi K. Das, Alyssa Joye, H. Valerie Curran, Sunjeev K. Kamboj

2016:

Effects of cannabinoids on the stretch reflex in multiple-sclerosis spasticity.

The effect of cannabinoids on the stretch reflex in multiple sclerosis spasticity;

Lucio Marinelli, Laura Mori, Stefania Canneva, Federica Colombano, Antonio Currà, Francesco Fattapposta, Fabio Bandini, Elisabetta Capello, Giovanni Abbruzzese, Carlo Trompetto

2016:

Could cannabinoids be a potential therapeutic tool in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?

Can cannabinoids be a potential therapeutic tool in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?;

Sabrina Giacoppo, Emanuela Mazzon Ph.D

2016:

Experimental cannabidiol treatment reduces early pancreatic inflammation in type 1 diabetes.

Experimental cannabidiol treatment reduces early pancreatic inflammation in type 1 diabetes;

Christian Lehmann, Nicholas B Fisher, Barna Tugwell, Anna Szczesniak, Mel Kelly, Juan Zhou

2017:

Anticancer effects of phytocannabinoids used with chemotherapy in leukaemia cells can be improved by changing the order of administration.

Anticancer effects of phytocannabinoids used with chemotherapy in leukaemia cells can be improved by altering the sequence of their administration;

Katherine A Scott, Angus G Dalgleish, Wai M Liu

2017:

An update on the safety and adverse effects of cannabidiol: a review of clinical data and relevant animal studies.

An Update on Safety and Side Effects of Cannabidiol: A Review of Clinical Data and Relevant Animal Studies;

Kerstin Iffland, Franjo Grotenhermen

2017:

Trial of cannabidiol for drug-resistant seizures in Dravet syndrome.

Trial of Cannabidiol for Drug-Resistant Seizures in the Dravet Syndrome;

Orrin Devinsky M.D., J. Helen Cross Ph.D., F.R.C.P.C.H., Linda Laux M.D., Eric Marsh M.D., Ian Miller M.D., Rima Nabbout M.D., Ingrid E. Scheffer M.B., B.S., Ph.D., Elizabeth A. Thiele M.D., Ph.D., Stephen Wright M.D.

2017:

Cannabidiol reduces brain damage and improves functional recovery in a neonatal rat model of arterial ischaemic stroke.

Cannabidiol reduces brain damage and improves functional recovery in a neonatal rat model of arterial ischemic stroke; Maria Ceprián, Laura Jiménez-Sánchez, Carlos Vargas, Lorena Barata, Will Hind, Jose Martínez-Orgado

2017:

Cannabis, cannabinoids and sleep: a literature review.

Cannabis, Cannabinoids, and Sleep: a Review of the Literature;

Kimberly A. Babson, James Sottile, Danielle Morabito

2017:

An update on the safety and adverse effects of cannabidiol: a review of clinical data and relevant animal studies.

An Update on Safety and Side Effects of Cannabidiol: A Review of Clinical Data and Relevant Animal Studies;

Kerstin Iffland, Franjo Grotenhermen

2017:

Plastic and neuroprotective mechanisms involved in the therapeutic effects of cannabidiol in psychiatric disorders.

Plastic and Neuroprotective Mechanisms Involved in the Therapeutic Effects of Cannabidiol in Psychiatric Disorders; Alline C. Campos, Manoela V. Fogaça, Franciele F. Scarante, Sâmia R. L. Joca, Amanda J. Sales, Felipe V. Gomes, Andreza B. Sonego, Naielly S. Rodrigues, Ismael Galve-Roperh, Francisco S. Guimarães

2017:

A single cannabidiol dose reduced blood pressure in healthy volunteers in a randomised crossover study.

A single dose of cannabidiol reduces blood pressure in healthy volunteers in a randomized crossover study;

Khalid A Jadoon, Garry D Tan, Saoirse E O'Sullivan

2018:

Report of objective clinical responses in cancer patients receiving pharmaceutical-grade synthetic cannabidiol.

Report of Objective Clinical Responses of Cancer Patients to Pharmaceutical-grade Synthetic Cannabidiol;

Julian Kenyon, Wai Liu, Angus Dalgleish

2018:

Pharmacotherapeutic considerations for using cannabinoids to relieve pain in patients with malignant disease.

Pharmacotherapeutic considerations for use of cannabinoids to relieve pain in patients with malignant diseases;

Marija Darkovska-Serafimovska, Tijana Serafimovska, Zorica Arsova-Sarafinovska, Sasho Stefanoski, Zlatko Keskovski, Trajan Balkanov

2018:

Cannabinoids and spinal-cord stimulation for refractory pain in failed back surgery syndrome.

Cannabinoids and spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of failed back surgery syndrome refractory pain;

Epifanio Mondello, Domenico Quattrone, Luigi Cardia, Giuseppe Bova, Raffaella Mallamace, Alessia A Barbagallo, Cristina Mondello, Carmen Mannucci, Martina Di Pietro, Vincenzo Arcoraci, Gioacchino Calapai

2018:

A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group pilot study of cannabidiol-rich botanical extract for symptomatic treatment of ulcerative colitis.

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, pilot study of cannabidiol-rich botanical extract in the symptomatic treatment of ulcerative colitis;

Peter M Irving, Tariq Iqbal, Chuka Nwokolo, Sreedhar Subramanian, Stuart Bloom, Neeraj Prasad, Ailsa Hart, Charles Murray, James O Lindsay, Adam Taylor, Rachel Barron, Stephen Wright

2018:

Cannabidiol (CBD) as adjunctive therapy in schizophrenia: a multicentre randomised controlled trial.

Cannabidiol (CBD) as an adjunctive therapy in schizophrenia: A multicenter randomized controlled trial;

Philip McGuire, Philip Robson, Wieslaw Jerzy Cubala, Daniel Vasile, Paul Dugald Morrison, Rachel Barron, Adam Taylor, Stephen Wright

2018:

Cannabidiol-based medical cannabis in children with autism: a retrospective feasibility study.

Cannabidiol based medical cannabis in children with autism- a retrospective feasibility study (P3.318);

Adi Aran, Hanoch Cassuto, Asael Lubotzky

2018:

A cross-sectional study of cannabidiol users.

A cross-sectional study of cannabidiol users;

Jamie Corroon, Joy A Phillips

2018:

Pharmacokinetics, safety and clinical efficacy of cannabidiol treatment in dogs with osteoarthritis.

Pharmacokinetics, safety, and clinical efficacy of cannabidiol treatment in osteoarthritic dogs;

Lauri-Jo Gamble, Jordyn M. Boesch, Christopher W. Frye, Wayne S. Schwark, Sabine Mann, Lisa Wolfe, Holly Brown, Erin S. Berthelse, Joseph J. Wakshlag

2018:

Cannabinoids and pain: new insights from old molecules.

Cannabinoids and pain: New insights from old molecules;

Sonja Vučković, Dragana Srebro, Katarina Savić Vujović, Čedomir Vučetić, Milica Prostran

2018:

The anti-inflammatory properties of cannabis terpenoids.

The anti-inflammatory properties of terpenoids from cannabis;

Ruth Gallily, Zhannah Yekhtin, and Lumír Ondřej Hanuš

2018:

Cannabidiol administered during peri-adolescence prevents behavioural abnormalities in an animal schizophrenia model.

Cannabidiol administered during peri-adolescence prevents behavioral abnormalities in an animal model of schizophrenia;

Fernanda F. Peres, Mariana C. Diana, Raquel Levin, Mayra A. Suiama, Valéria Almeida, Ana M. Vendramini, Camila M. Santos, Antônio W. Zuardi, Jaime E. C. Hallak, José A. Crippa, Vanessa C. Abílio

2018:

Cannabidiol as a promising strategy to treat and prevent movement disorders?

Cannabidiol as a promising strategy to treat and prevent movement disorders?;

Fernanda F. Peres, Alvaro C. Lima, Jaime E. C. Hallak , José A. Crippa, Regina H. Silva, Vanessa C. Abílio

2018:

Hippocampal mammalian target of rapamycin is implicated in stress-coping behaviour induced by cannabidiol in the forced-swim test.

Hippocampal mammalian target of rapamycin is implicated in stress-coping behavior induced by cannabidiol in the forced swim test;

Ariandra G. Sartim, Amanda J. Sales, Francisco S. Guimarães, Sâmia R. l. Joca

2018:

Cannabidiol induces rapid and sustained antidepressant-like effects through increased BDNF signalling and synaptogenesis in the prefrontal cortex.

Cannabidiol induces rapid and sustained antidepressant-like effects through increased BDNF signaling and synaptogenesis in the prefrontal cortex;

Amanda J. Sales, Manoela V. Fogaça, Ariandra G. Sartim, Vitor S. Pereira, Gregers Wegener, Francisco S. Guimarães, Sâmia R. L. Joca

2019:

Cannabidiol in anxiety and sleep: a large case series.

Cannabidiol in anxiety and sleep: A large case series;

Scott Shannon MD, Nicole Lewis ND, Heather Lee PA-C, Shannon Hughes PhD

2019:

The potential of cannabidiol as a treatment for psychosis and addiction: who benefits most? A systematic review.

The potential of cannabidiol as a treatment for psychosis and addiction: Who benefits most? A systematic review;

Albert Batalla, Hella Janssen, Shiral S Gangadin, Matthijs G Bossong

2019:

A role for cannabinoids in the treatment of myotonia (impaired muscle relaxation)?

A role for cannabinoids in the treatment of myotonia? Report of compassionate use in a small cohort of patients;

Federica Montagnese, Kristina Stahl, Stephan Wenninger, Benedikt Schoser

2019:

Randomised blinded controlled clinical trial assessing the effect of oral cannabidiol added to conventional antiepileptic treatment on seizure frequency in dogs with intractable idiopathic epilepsy.

Randomized blinded controlled clinical trial to assess the effect of oral cannabidiol administration in addition to conventional antiepileptic treatment on seizure frequency in dogs with intractable idiopathic epilepsy;

Stephanie McGrath DVM, MS, Lisa R. Bartner DVM, MS, Sangeeta Rao BVSc, PhD, Rebecca A. Packer DVM, MS, and Daniel L. Gustafson PhD

2019:

Brief report: cannabidiol-rich cannabis in children with autism spectrum disorder and severe

behavioural problems – a retrospective feasibility study.

Brief Report: Cannabidiol-Rich Cannabis in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Severe Behavioral Problems-A Retrospective Feasibility Study;

Adi Aran, Hanoch Cassuto, Asael Lubotzky, Nadia Wattad, Esther Hazan

2019:

Cannabidiol in anxiety and sleep: a large case series.

Cannabidiol in anxiety and sleep: A large case series;

Scott Shannon MD, Nicole Lewis ND, Heather Lee PA-C, Shannon Hughes PhD

In 2018, WHO found no abuse or dependence potential for pure CBD. CBD can nevertheless cause adverse effects and drug interactions; medical use requires attention to risks including effects on the liver.

WHO 2018 – assessment; EMA – Epidyolex product information

2020:

Cannabidiol: a potential new alternative for treating anxiety, depression and psychotic disorders.

Cannabidiol: A potential new alternative for the treatment of anxiety, depression, and psychotic disorders;

María S. García-Gutiérrez, Francisco Navarrete, Ani Gasparyan, Amaya Austrich-Olivares, Francisco Sala, Jorge Manzanares

2021:

Strain-, sex- and time-dependent antidepressant-like effects of cannabidiol.

Strain, sex, and time Dependent antidepressant-like effects of cannabidiol;

Gabriela P. Silote, Michelle C. Gatto, Amanda Eskelund, Francisco S. Guimarães, Gregers Wegener, Sâmia R. L. Joca

2021:

Cannabidiol as a potential treatment for anxiety and mood disorders: molecular targets and epigenetic insights from preclinical research.

Cannabidiol as a potential treatment for anxiety and mood disorders: Molecular targets and epigenetic insights from preclinical research;

Philippe A. Melas, Maria Scherma, Walter Fratta, Carlo Cifani, Paola Fadda

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Cannabis pharmacology: a chronology from antiquity to the present.

Putting the chronology in context

700 BCE:

c. 600 BCE:

Disclaimer and legal notice concerning medical topics

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