Estradiol

For an informed discussion with your doctor or pharmacist. This information collection is not a clinically validated interaction checker. Missing data do not establish safety. Do not change or stop prescribed medicines on the basis of this information. The findings apply to the specific conditions studied; laboratory and animal studies cannot be directly extrapolated to humans.

Active substance: Estradiol

Examples of brand names: Gynokadin [DE]

ATC code: G03CA03

Main use (for orientation): Hormone replacement

Documented research summary

Several animal and cell studies show context-dependent THC–estradiol effects. Official registry results also exist for one week of transdermal estradiol pretreatment with oral dronabinol in 12 healthy premenopausal women: THC AUC ratio 0.80 (90% confidence interval 0.50–1.3). AUC here describes drug exposure in blood over 24 hours; treatment compared with the control day. The wide interval establishes neither absence of interaction nor a confirmed clinically relevant difference. No conclusion about safety of long-term clinical hormone replacement is possible. Historical receptor findings conflict; smoke constituents are not pure THC. Human study 37004978 concerns endogenous cycle fluctuations, not hormone therapy.

Uncertainties and limitations

Not a complete safety conclusion. Animal, cell or withdrawal models cannot be extrapolated to a longer-term clinical combination. Distinguish preparations, administration routes and cannabinoid material actually used. Historical papers without abstracts (6307316, 405016, 938569, 1209643) screened only as metadata; no result direction invented. PMC13584061: extract with 8.5% THC, not fully chemically characterised. Relevant methods, results and discussion read; not a human study. Documented individual title/abstract assessment with selected relevant full texts; not an exhaustive worldwide systematic review or independent human specialist approval. Missing data do not establish safety. All 28 cannabinoids are within the search scope, not 28 clinically investigated pairs per drug.

Registry NCT04374773: small short-term investigation in healthy premenopausal women; randomisation details contradictory. Not evidence of long-term clinical hormone-replacement safety or absence of interaction. Do not infer an established outcome direction solely from a non-significant difference.

Separately recorded findings

14 separately recorded findings. Each statement applies to its documented study context.

THC – laboratory and animal studies

Finding ID: B0499

Type of result: Context-specific finding

Observation: Combination effects on Ki67, CB1 and other markers depended on region and endpoint.

Mechanism: Interaction of THC and estradiol benzoate in regional cellular/inflammatory markers.

Study type: Controlled rat experiment, tissue markers

Context studied: 16 rats, four groups; original abstract.

Clinical interpretation: Applicability to humans is unresolved; preclinical endpoint, not clinical evidence of treatment efficacy or safety.

Limitations and uncertainties: Surrogate markers, not a clinical hormone-treatment interaction; infer neither neuroprotective benefit nor general harm.

Original sources for this finding: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Modulates Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Female Wistar Rats: Interaction with Estradiol. [VF_P_42570151]

Cannabis extract containing 8.5% THC – laboratory and animal studies

Finding ID: B0500

Type of result: Context-specific finding

Observation: Combination did not enhance benefit; individual memory/CB1/BDNF endpoints attenuated compared with individual treatments.

Mechanism: Estradiol and extract combination in experimental memory impairment.

Study type: Amyloid/ovariectomy rat model, pharmacodynamics

Context studied: Extract 60 mg/kg daily and estradiol 1 mg/kg every four days, 28 days; relevant methods/results/discussion of PMC13584061 read.

Clinical interpretation: Applicability to humans is unresolved; preclinical endpoint, not clinical evidence of treatment efficacy or safety.

Limitations and uncertainties: Extract not fully chemically characterised; no human evidence or attribution solely to THC.

Original sources for this finding: Modulation of spatial learning and memory by cannabinoid-estrogen interaction in an AD-like cognitive impairment: The role of cannabinoid receptors and BDNF protein. [VF_P_42756662]

THC – laboratory and animal studies

Finding ID: B0501

Type of result: Context-specific finding

Observation: Estradiol attenuated acute THC memory impairment in one model and enhanced selected antinociceptive responses in others; other endpoints or tolerance development did not change consistently.

Mechanism: Estradiol modifies THC behavioural effects depending on sex, administration and endpoint.

Study type: Controlled hormone-replacement animal experiments, pharmacodynamics

Context studied: Ovariectomised or gonadectomised rats, different estradiol/THC regimens.

Clinical interpretation: Applicability to humans is unresolved; preclinical endpoint, not clinical evidence of treatment efficacy or safety.

Limitations and uncertainties: Do not combine heterogeneous experiments into uniform enhancement or attenuation; no clinical hormone-replacement recommendation.

Original sources for this finding: Effects of ∆9-THC on memory in ovariectomized and intact female rats. [VF_P_33160960]; Gonadal hormone modulation of the behavioral effects of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in male and female rats. [VF_P_17905227]; Cyclic ovarian hormone modulation of supraspinal Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced antinociception and cannabinoid receptor binding in the female rat. [VF_P_24951841]; Gonadal hormones do not alter the development of antinociceptive tolerance to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in adult rats. [VF_P_25863271]

THC – laboratory and animal studies

Finding ID: B0502

Type of result: Context-specific finding

Observation: Estradiol increased 11-OH-THC in one male-rat context; effects depended on sex and endpoint.

Mechanism: Hormone replacement alters certain THC oxidation and behavioural endpoints.

Study type: Controlled animal experiment, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics

Context studied: Author manuscript assessed: gonadectomised rats with hormone replacement; separate arms with/without proadifen. Serum sample approximately 255 minutes after THC, not a complete concentration–time profile.

Clinical interpretation: Applicability to humans is unresolved; preclinical endpoint, not clinical evidence of treatment efficacy or safety.

Limitations and uncertainties: Not a human oral/transdermal estradiol interaction. Do not equate metabolite concentrations with overall effects.

Original sources for this finding: Gonadal hormone modulation of ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced antinociception and metabolism in female versus male rats. [VF_P_27670094]

Cannabis extract – laboratory and animal studies

Finding ID: B0503

Type of result: Context-specific finding

Observation: Studies report negative combination effects on selected memory parameters; age and experimental conditions affected interpretation.

Mechanism: Estradiol/cannabis interaction in memory and GPR30-related endpoints.

Study type: Rat memory models

Context studied: Young ovariectomised or aged rats; original abstracts.

Clinical interpretation: Applicability to humans is unresolved; preclinical endpoint, not clinical evidence of treatment efficacy or safety.

Limitations and uncertainties: Cannabis composition not fully quantified; not a clinical hormone-replacement or dementia-treatment interaction.

Original sources for this finding: The different role of G-protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) in the interaction effects of marijuana and estradiol on spatial learning and memory at different ages. [VF_P_34800583]; Marijuana and β-estradiol interactions on spatial learning and memory in young female rats: Lack of role of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPR30). [VF_P_34146552]

THC – laboratory and animal studies

Finding ID: B0504

Type of result: Context-specific finding

Observation: THC inhibited estradiol-dependent proliferation in MCF-7-based cell models. The 2013 paper links this with higher ERβ expression. In the ERα-negative comparison model MDA-MB-231, no corresponding antiproliferative effect was observed under the tested conditions.

Mechanism: A functional cell-growth effect was investigated in 2008; receptor mechanism remained unresolved. The 2013 paper describes cell-model-dependent ERα/ERβ signals and found no direct THC binding to these oestrogen receptors in its binding assays.

Study type: Breast-cancer cell models

Context studied: Von Bueren 2008: original text and figure legends assessed as HTML in the public co-author upload; MCF-7/MCF-7-AR1, six-day exposure. Takeda 2013: official author manuscript assessed; MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. Cell experiments/replicates are not patient data.

Clinical interpretation: Applicability to humans is unresolved; preclinical endpoint, not clinical evidence of treatment efficacy or safety.

Limitations and uncertainties: Preclinical cell models with sometimes high micromolar THC concentrations and few independent experiments. No clinically established estradiol interaction or cancer-treatment evidence. Growth inhibition does not mean demonstrated tumour killing. A functional effect does not prove direct receptor binding; missing human data do not establish safety.

Original sources for this finding: Δ(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol disrupts estrogen-signaling through up-regulation of estrogen receptor β (ERβ). [VF_P_23718638]; Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol inhibits 17beta-estradiol-induced proliferation and fails to activate androgen and estrogen receptors in MCF7 human breast cancer cells. [VF_P_18383828]

THC – laboratory and animal studies

Finding ID: B0505

Type of result: Context-specific finding

Observation: The pure substance tested showed no corresponding anti-oestrogenic activity in these assays; cannabis-smoke condensate, by contrast, altered oestrogen metabolism and aromatase endpoints.

Mechanism: Distinguishing isolated cannabinoids from combustion constituents.

Study type: Cell/enzyme assays with pure substances and smoke condensate

Context studied: Original abstract; separate pure-substance and smoke-condensate treatments.

Clinical interpretation: Applicability to humans is unresolved; preclinical endpoint, not clinical evidence of treatment efficacy or safety.

Limitations and uncertainties: Do not extrapolate smoke-constituent effects to an isolated cannabinoid. A null finding does not clinically exclude an interaction.

Original sources for this finding: Antiestrogenic effects of marijuana smoke condensate and cannabinoid compounds. [VF_P_16392670]

CBD – laboratory and animal studies

Finding ID: B0506

Type of result: Context-specific finding

Observation: The pure substance tested showed no corresponding anti-oestrogenic activity in these assays; cannabis-smoke condensate, by contrast, altered oestrogen metabolism and aromatase endpoints.

Mechanism: Distinguishing isolated cannabinoids from combustion constituents.

Study type: Cell/enzyme assays with pure substances and smoke condensate

Context studied: Original abstract; separate pure-substance and smoke-condensate treatments.

Clinical interpretation: Applicability to humans is unresolved; preclinical endpoint, not clinical evidence of treatment efficacy or safety.

Limitations and uncertainties: Do not extrapolate smoke-constituent effects to an isolated cannabinoid. A null finding does not clinically exclude an interaction.

Original sources for this finding: Antiestrogenic effects of marijuana smoke condensate and cannabinoid compounds. [VF_P_16392670]

CBN – laboratory and animal studies

Finding ID: B0507

Type of result: Context-specific finding

Observation: The pure substance tested showed no corresponding anti-oestrogenic activity in these assays; cannabis-smoke condensate, by contrast, altered oestrogen metabolism and aromatase endpoints.

Mechanism: Distinguishing isolated cannabinoids from combustion constituents.

Study type: Cell/enzyme assays with pure substances and smoke condensate

Context studied: Original abstract; separate pure-substance and smoke-condensate treatments.

Clinical interpretation: Applicability to humans is unresolved; preclinical endpoint, not clinical evidence of treatment efficacy or safety.

Limitations and uncertainties: Do not extrapolate smoke-constituent effects to an isolated cannabinoid. A null finding does not clinically exclude an interaction.

Original sources for this finding: Antiestrogenic effects of marijuana smoke condensate and cannabinoid compounds. [VF_P_16392670]

THC – laboratory and animal studies

Finding ID: B0508

Type of result: Context-specific finding

Observation: An early weak competitive finding was not confirmed in subsequent investigations with pure THC.

Mechanism: Assessment of direct oestrogen-receptor binding.

Study type: Historical receptor/animal assays; contradictory findings

Context studied: Three historical original abstracts; extracts and smoke condensate considered separately.

Clinical interpretation: Applicability to humans is unresolved; preclinical endpoint, not clinical evidence of treatment efficacy or safety.

Limitations and uncertainties: Retain the contradiction transparently; do not claim clinical oestrogen-receptor blockade or a hormone-replacement effect.

Original sources for this finding: Competition of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol with estrogen in rat uterine estrogen receptor binding. [VF_P_897662]; delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and 17beta-estradiol bind to different macromolecules in estrogen target tissues. [VF_P_635586]; Marijuana: interaction with the estrogen receptor. [VF_P_6296360]

THC – laboratory and animal studies

Finding ID: B0509

Type of result: Context-specific finding

Observation: Selected estradiol/testosterone hydroxylase activities increased after the respective separate cannabinoid treatment.

Mechanism: Altered steroid-metabolising enzyme activity after experimental cannabinoid pretreatment.

Study type: Rat pretreatment with microsome assays

Context studied: CBD or THC administered separately; original 1977 abstract.

Clinical interpretation: Applicability to humans is unresolved; preclinical endpoint, not clinical evidence of treatment efficacy or safety.

Limitations and uncertainties: Not a clinically administered estradiol preparation or a CBD-plus-THC combination. Do not equate direction with direct inhibition in other assays.

Original sources for this finding: The effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on the metabolism of gonadal steroids in the rat. [VF_P_17525]

CBD – laboratory and animal studies

Finding ID: B0510

Type of result: Context-specific finding

Observation: Selected estradiol/testosterone hydroxylase activities increased after the respective separate cannabinoid treatment.

Mechanism: Altered steroid-metabolising enzyme activity after experimental cannabinoid pretreatment.

Study type: Rat pretreatment with microsome assays

Context studied: CBD or THC administered separately; original 1977 abstract.

Clinical interpretation: Applicability to humans is unresolved; preclinical endpoint, not clinical evidence of treatment efficacy or safety.

Limitations and uncertainties: Not a clinically administered estradiol preparation or a CBD-plus-THC combination. Do not equate direction with direct inhibition in other assays.

Original sources for this finding: The effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on the metabolism of gonadal steroids in the rat. [VF_P_17525]

THC – laboratory and animal studies

Finding ID: B0511

Type of result: Context-specific finding

Observation: THC attenuated selected estradiol-induced pituitary/prolactin effects; not all oestrogen-dependent organs responded alike.

Mechanism: Modification of oestrogen-dependent pituitary/prolactin responses.

Study type: Rat/pituitary-cell models

Context studied: In-vivo rat and separate pituitary-cell model; original abstracts.

Clinical interpretation: Applicability to humans is unresolved; preclinical endpoint, not clinical evidence of treatment efficacy or safety.

Limitations and uncertainties: Endocrine animal/cell endpoints; attenuation of clinical hormone-replacement effects not demonstrated.

Original sources for this finding: delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol antagonism of the anterior pituitary response to estradiol in immature female rats. [VF_P_1850566]; Evidence for a direct anterior pituitary site of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol action. [VF_P_1725461]

THC – laboratory and animal studies

Finding ID: B0512

Type of result: Context-specific finding

Observation: Estradiol influenced individual THC-related dopamine parameters depending on acute or chronic experimental setup.

Mechanism: Hormone replacement and timing of exposure modulate dopaminergic THC responses.

Study type: Rat neurochemistry experiments

Context studied: Gonadectomised rats; original abstracts.

Clinical interpretation: Applicability to humans is unresolved; preclinical endpoint, not clinical evidence of treatment efficacy or safety.

Limitations and uncertainties: No uniform clinical effect or serum-concentration prediction from neurochemical surrogates.

Original sources for this finding: Estrogenic modulation of delta(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol effects on nigrostriatal dopaminergic activity in the female rat brain. [BMED19912874]; delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol affects mesolimbic dopaminergic activity in the female rat brain: interactions with estrogens. [BMED8103663]

References and access status

[VF_L_D0434] ESTRADIOL TABLET [EPIC PHARMA, LLC]

Original source / bibliographic reference

Authors: Marketing authorisation holder; official product information via DailyMed

Year: 2026

Source type: Official medicine information; relevant identity, PK, PD and DDI sections read individually

Source access – 23 October 2026: Source destination was accessible when checked.

Bibliographic attribution or source identity cross-checked.

[VF_P_16392670] Antiestrogenic effects of marijuana smoke condensate and cannabinoid compounds.

Original source / bibliographic reference

Authors: Lee SY, Oh SM, Lee SK, Chung KH.

Year: 2005

Source type: Scientific publication; precise study type and suitability described in the finding or individual review

DOI: 10.1007/bf02977903

PMID: 16392670

Source access – 23 October 2026: Source destination was accessible when checked.

Bibliographic attribution or source identity cross-checked.

DOI – publisher access (access restrictions may apply)

[VF_P_1725461] Evidence for a direct anterior pituitary site of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol action.

Original source / bibliographic reference

Authors: Murphy LL, Newton SC, Dhali J, Chávez D.

Year: 1991

Source type: Scientific publication; precise study type and suitability described in the finding or individual review

DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(91)90370-h

PMID: 1725461

Source access – 23 October 2026: Direct retrieval could not be fully verified; availability remains unresolved.

Bibliographic attribution or source identity cross-checked.

DOI – publisher access (access restrictions may apply)

[VF_P_17525] The effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on the metabolism of gonadal steroids in the rat.

Original source / bibliographic reference

Authors: List A, Nazar B, Nyquist S, Harclerode J.

Year: 1977

Source type: Scientific publication; precise study type and suitability described in the finding or individual review

DOI: 10.1016/s0090-9556(25)05964-1

PMID: 17525

Source access – 23 October 2026: Source destination was accessible when checked.

Bibliographic attribution or source identity cross-checked.

DOI – publisher access (access restrictions may apply)

[VF_P_17905227] Gonadal hormone modulation of the behavioral effects of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in male and female rats.

Original source / bibliographic reference

Authors: Craft RM, Leitl MD.

Year: 2008

Source type: Scientific publication; precise study type and suitability described in the finding or individual review

DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.09.004

PMID: 17905227

Source access – 23 October 2026: Source destination was accessible when checked.

Bibliographic attribution or source identity cross-checked.

DOI – publisher access (access restrictions may apply)

[VF_P_18383828] Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol inhibits 17beta-estradiol-induced proliferation and fails to activate androgen and estrogen receptors in MCF7 human breast cancer cells.

Original source / bibliographic reference

Authors: von Bueren AO, Schlumpf M, Lichtensteiger W.

Year: 2008

Source type: In-vitro study; original text scientifically assessed as HTML in the public co-author upload

PMID: 18383828

Source access – 23 October 2026: Direct retrieval could not be fully verified; availability remains unresolved.

Bibliographic attribution or source identity cross-checked.

Unresolved access questions / further review: Public author upload scientifically read on 23 October 2026: methods, results, discussion and figure legends. Result direction confirmed; functional cell experiments, not an established receptor mechanism. Publisher access/PDF download remain unconfirmed; clinical extrapolation unresolved.

Europe PMC – bibliographic data and abstract (JSON; not full text) – Official bibliographic record successfully checked. The view is machine-readable and is not the original full text.

ResearchGate – public co-author upload (original text) – According to the platform, uploaded by Walter Lichtensteiger. Original HTML text and figure legends assessed; PDF download not verified. Not an official university archive or a new study.

[VF_P_1850566] delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol antagonism of the anterior pituitary response to estradiol in immature female rats.

Original source / bibliographic reference

Authors: Murphy LL, Rodriguez de Fonseca F, Steger RW.

Year: 1991

Source type: Scientific publication; precise study type and suitability described in the finding or individual review

DOI: 10.1016/0039-128x(91)90131-e

PMID: 1850566

Source access – 23 October 2026: Automated direct retrieval was restricted; this does not establish that the link is broken.

Bibliographic attribution or source identity cross-checked.

DOI – publisher access (access restrictions may apply)

[BMED19912874] Estrogenic modulation of delta(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol effects on nigrostriatal dopaminergic activity in the female rat brain.

Original source / bibliographic reference

Authors: Bonnin A, Ferández-Ruiz JJ, Martín M, De Fonseca FR, De Miguel R, Ramos JA.

Year: 1992

Source type: Publication; title and abstract reviewed

DOI: 10.1016/1044-7431(92)90028-z

PMID: 19912874

Source access – 23 October 2026: Automated direct retrieval was restricted; this does not establish that the link is broken.

Bibliographic attribution or source identity cross-checked.

PubMed – bibliographic reference / abstract

DOI – publisher access (access restrictions may apply)

[VF_P_23718638] Δ(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol disrupts estrogen-signaling through up-regulation of estrogen receptor β (ERβ).

Original source / bibliographic reference

Authors: Takeda S, Yoshida K, Nishimura H, Harada M, Okajima S, Miyoshi H, Okamoto Y, Amamoto T, Watanabe K, Omiecinski CJ, Aramaki H.

Year: 2013

Source type: In-vitro study; official author manuscript scientifically assessed

DOI: 10.1021/tx4000446

PMID: 23718638

Source access – 23 October 2026: Automated direct retrieval was restricted; this does not establish that the link is broken.

Bibliographic attribution or source identity cross-checked.

Unresolved access questions / further review: Official author manuscript in PubMed Central read on 23 October 2026, including methods, results, discussion and figure legends. Cell-model dependence and absence of clinical evidence clarified in the finding. The 2008 source has also now been scientifically assessed as HTML in the publicly readable co-author upload; both studies remain separately identified.

DOI – publisher access (access restrictions may apply)

PubMed Central – freely accessible author manuscript – Full text successfully read on 23 October 2026. Author manuscript of the published study, not a new independent study.

Europe PMC – full-text access according to the literature database – Listed as freely available HTML full text in the official Europe PMC metadata. Direct retrieval was not fully verified here.

[VF_P_24951841] Cyclic ovarian hormone modulation of supraspinal Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced antinociception and cannabinoid receptor binding in the female rat.

Original source / bibliographic reference

Authors: Wakley AA, McBride AA, Vaughn LK, Craft RM.

Year: 2014

Source type: Scientific publication; precise study type and suitability described in the finding or individual review

DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.06.007

PMID: 24951841

Source access – 23 October 2026: Automated direct retrieval was restricted; this does not establish that the link is broken.

Bibliographic attribution or source identity cross-checked.

DOI – publisher access (access restrictions may apply)

[VF_P_25863271] Gonadal hormones do not alter the development of antinociceptive tolerance to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in adult rats.

Original source / bibliographic reference

Authors: Wakley AA, Wiley JL, Craft RM.

Year: 2015

Source type: Scientific publication; precise study type and suitability described in the finding or individual review

DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.03.021

PMID: 25863271

Source access – 23 October 2026: Direct retrieval could not be fully verified; availability remains unresolved.

Bibliographic attribution or source identity cross-checked.

DOI – publisher access (access restrictions may apply)

PubMed Central – full-text access according to the literature database – Archive attribution confirmed by Europe PMC metadata. Direct retrieval was not fully verified here; access may require a browser check.

Europe PMC – full-text access according to the literature database – Listed as freely available HTML full text in the official Europe PMC metadata. Direct retrieval was not fully verified here.

[VF_P_27670094] Gonadal hormone modulation of ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced antinociception and metabolism in female versus male rats.

Original source / bibliographic reference

Authors: Craft RM, Haas AE, Wiley JL, Yu Z, Clowers BH.

Year: 2017

Source type: Controlled animal experiment; author manuscript scientifically assessed

DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.09.006

PMID: 27670094

Source access – 23 October 2026: Automated direct retrieval was restricted; this does not establish that the link is broken.

Bibliographic attribution or source identity cross-checked.

Unresolved access questions / further review: Author manuscript read from the official Washington State University archive on 23 October 2026, including Figure 5. One blood-sampling time, not a complete concentration–time profile. Dependence on experimental arm clarified; no upgrading of clinical evidence.

DOI – publisher access (access restrictions may apply)

PubMed Central – full-text access according to the literature database – Archive attribution confirmed by Europe PMC metadata. Direct retrieval was not fully verified here; access may require a browser check.

Europe PMC – full-text access according to the literature database – Listed as freely available HTML full text in the official Europe PMC metadata. Direct retrieval was not fully verified here.

Washington State University – assessed author manuscript – Official university archive with freely accessible original author manuscript and PDF download; scientifically assessed on 23 October 2026. Same study, not additional independent evidence.

[VF_P_33160960] Effects of ∆9-THC on memory in ovariectomized and intact female rats.

Original source / bibliographic reference

Authors: DeLarge AF, Winsauer PJ.

Year: 2021

Source type: Scientific publication; precise study type and suitability described in the finding or individual review

DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104883

PMID: 33160960

Source access – 23 October 2026: Source destination was accessible when checked.

Bibliographic attribution or source identity cross-checked.

DOI – publisher access (access restrictions may apply)

[VF_P_34146552] Marijuana and β-estradiol interactions on spatial learning and memory in young female rats: Lack of role of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPR30).

Original source / bibliographic reference

Authors: Chahkandi M, Komeili G, Sepehri G, Khaksari M, Amiresmaili S.

Year: 2021

Source type: Scientific publication; precise study type and suitability described in the finding or individual review

DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119723

PMID: 34146552

Source access – 23 October 2026: Source destination was accessible when checked.

Bibliographic attribution or source identity cross-checked.

DOI – publisher access (access restrictions may apply)

[VF_P_34800583] The different role of G-protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) in the interaction effects of marijuana and estradiol on spatial learning and memory at different ages.

Original source / bibliographic reference

Authors: Chahkandi M, Sepehri G, Komeili G, Hadad MK, Haghparast E, Chahkandi M.

Year: 2022

Source type: Scientific publication; precise study type and suitability described in the finding or individual review

DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.11.006

PMID: 34800583

Source access – 23 October 2026: Source destination was accessible when checked.

Bibliographic attribution or source identity cross-checked.

DOI – publisher access (access restrictions may apply)

[VF_P_42570151] Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Modulates Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Female Wistar Rats: Interaction with Estradiol.

Original source / bibliographic reference

Authors: Carvalhinho DR, Marques SI, Leal S, Fonseca BM, Andrade JP, Sá SI.

Year: 2026

Source type: Scientific publication; precise study type and suitability described in the finding or individual review

DOI: 10.1007/s11064-026-04857-w

PMID: 42570151

Source access – 23 October 2026: Source destination was accessible when checked.

Bibliographic attribution or source identity cross-checked.

DOI – publisher access (access restrictions may apply)

[VF_P_42756662] Modulation of spatial learning and memory by cannabinoid-estrogen interaction in an AD-like cognitive impairment: The role of cannabinoid receptors and BDNF protein.

Original source / bibliographic reference

Authors: Mirshekar MA, Nadi F, Fanaei H, Chahkandi M.

Year: 2026

Source type: Scientific publication; precise study type and suitability described in the finding or individual review

DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2026.09.002

PMID: 42756662

Source access – 23 October 2026: Source destination was accessible when checked.

Bibliographic attribution or source identity cross-checked.

DOI – publisher access (access restrictions may apply)

[VF_P_6296360] Marijuana: interaction with the estrogen receptor.

Original source / bibliographic reference

Authors: Sauer MA, Rifka SM, Hawks RL, Cutler GB, Loriaux DL.

Year: 1983

Source type: Scientific publication; precise study type and suitability described in the finding or individual review

DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3565(25)33487-7

PMID: 6296360

Source access – 23 October 2026: Source destination was accessible when checked.

Bibliographic attribution or source identity cross-checked.

DOI – publisher access (access restrictions may apply)

[VF_P_635586] delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and 17beta-estradiol bind to different macromolecules in estrogen target tissues.

Original source / bibliographic reference

Authors: Okey AB, Bondy GP.

Year: 1978

Source type: Scientific publication; precise study type and suitability described in the finding or individual review

DOI: 10.1126/science.635586

PMID: 635586

Source access – 23 October 2026: Automated direct retrieval was restricted; this does not establish that the link is broken.

Bibliographic attribution or source identity cross-checked.

DOI – publisher access (access restrictions may apply)

[BMED8103663] delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol affects mesolimbic dopaminergic activity in the female rat brain: interactions with estrogens.

Original source / bibliographic reference

Authors: Bonnin A, Fernández-Ruiz JJ, Martín M, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Hernández ML, Ramos JA.

Year: 1993

Source type: Publication; title and abstract reviewed

DOI: 10.1007/bf01244868

PMID: 8103663

Source access – 23 October 2026: Automated direct retrieval was restricted; this does not establish that the link is broken.

Bibliographic attribution or source identity cross-checked.

PubMed – bibliographic reference / abstract

DOI – publisher access (access restrictions may apply)

[VF_P_897662] Competition of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol with estrogen in rat uterine estrogen receptor binding.

Original source / bibliographic reference

Authors: Rawitch AB, Schultz GS, Ebner KE, Vardaris RM.

Year: 1977

Source type: Scientific publication; precise study type and suitability described in the finding or individual review

DOI: 10.1126/science.897662

PMID: 897662

Source access – 23 October 2026: Automated direct retrieval was restricted; this does not establish that the link is broken.

Bibliographic attribution or source identity cross-checked.

DOI – publisher access (access restrictions may apply)

[RREG_NCT04374773] Effects of Pregnancy-associated Hormones on THC Metabolism in Women (PrECEPT): veröffentlichte Registerergebnisse

Original source / bibliographic reference

Authors: University of Washington (sponsor); Nina Isoherranen (responsible investigator)

Year: 2026

Source type: Official results report submitted by the study investigator to the trial registry; not a peer-reviewed journal article

Source access – 23 October 2026: Source destination was accessible when checked.

Bibliographic attribution or source identity cross-checked.

Unresolved access questions / further review: Results first published on 6 May 2026; official API export read on 23 October 2026. 14 enrolled, hydrocortisone analysis 13, oestradiol analysis 12. Registry report does not replace the unresolved Authorea full text. Contradictory registry randomisation details; absence of interaction not confirmed. Preprint attribution remains provisional; registry report and preprint must not count as two independent studies.

ClinicalTrials.gov – official results export (JSON) – Complete public registry export with protocol, participant flow and results tables; machine-readable, not article full text.

Research as of 23 October 2026. Not all original full texts could be reviewed in full. Source accessibility and the strength of scientific evidence must be assessed separately. An accessible link does not establish medical approval; a bibliographic record with an abstract does not replace the original full text.

Drug search and explanation of the evidence · Guide: cannabinoids and medicines · Author and responsibility